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Physiology of gestational diabetes essay
Literature review on prevalence of gestational diabetes
Literature review on prevalence of gestational diabetes
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5.Gestational diabetes
Condition: Gestational diabetes affects only females during their pregnancy. Diabetes cause the blood sugar to be high because the body doesn’t create enough Insulin. The cause for gestational diabetes are Obesity, hormone changes (because of pregnancy), previous gestational diabetes, or inherited from family. Gestational diabetes could cause a newborn to grow big (could cause injuries during delivery), premature, and low blood sugar after birth. A mother can experience high blood pressure, preeclampsia, and may develop diabetes 2. In most cases this type of diabetes occurs later on in the pregnancy, however if detected at the early stage of pregnancy the mother may of had diabetes before conceiving. Diagnose: A test
4: Evers IM, De Valk HW, Visser GHA (2004) Risk of complications of pregnancy in women with Type 1 diabetes: Nationwide prospective study in the Netherlands. British Medical Journal 328, 915-917.
According WebMD 2014. Diabetes mellitus (or diabetes) is a chronic, lifelong condition that affects your body's ability to use the energy found in food. There are three major types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus and gestational diabetes. It is a hormonal disorder of the pancreas either decrease in insulin level also known as hypoinsulinism or increase in insulin level also known as hyperinsulinism. Lowered amounts, insufficient of, or ineffective use of insulin leads to the disorder of diabetes mellitus. It is common chronic disease requiring lifelong behavioral and lifestyle changes. According to Peakman (2012). The development of type 1 diabetes mellitus is a genetic and an autoimmune process that results in destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas, leading to absolute insulin deficiency. There is usually a pre-diabetic phase where autoimmunity has already developed but with no clinically apparent insulin dependency. Insulin autoantibodies can be detected in genetically predisposed individuals as early as 6-12 months of age. In persons genetically susceptible to type 1 diabetes, a triggering event, possibly a viral infection the leads to production of autoantibodies that kill the beta cells and results in decline and a lack of insulin secretion. According to Wherrett. It is caused by impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance and has a gradual onset. Those with type 2 diabetes may eventually need insulin treatment. Gestational diabetes mellitus is glucose intolerance during pregnancy in a woman not previously diagnosed with diabetes, this may occur if placental hormones counteract insulin, causing insulin intolerance. Complications in diabetes mellitus includes: Hypoglycemia it is ca...
The main cause of diabetes is that the insulin produced by the pancreas is not working properly so the body has an abnormally high blood glucose level. There are two important reasons why this happens: either there is no insulin present in the body, Type 1 Diabetes, or there is insulin present but it is unable to work, Type 2 Diabetes.
These women could anticipate delays in normal growth and development for the fetus. The exact cause of post term pregnancy is unknown. The mother experiencing post term pregnancy is at risk for trauma, hemorrhage, infection, and labor abnormalities (Ward et al., 2016, p. 543). Labor induction prior to 42 weeks’ gestation prevents MAS and other complications. A biophysical profile measuring the heart rate, breathing and body movements, tone, and the amniotic fluid volume is used to monitor the fetus for intrapartum fetal stress that could cause passage of meconium. Diabetic woman is at high risk for preeclampsia or eclampsia, infection, hydramnios, postpartum hemorrhage, and cesarean birth (Ward et al., 2016, p. 383). In addition, fetal macrosomia prolongs labor due to shoulder dystocia. The glucose challenge test, and the 3- hour OGTT is used for gestational diabetes screening, done after 24 weeks of pregnancy. Abnormalities of the respiratory system as explained earlier are the most concerning complication of MAS, needing immediate
The pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus in is related to the insulin hormone. Insulin is secreted by cells in the pancreas and is responsible for regulating the level of glucose in the bloodstream. It also aids the body in breaking down the glucose to be used as energy. When someone suffers from diabetes, however, the body does not break down the glucose in the blood as a result of abnormal insulin metabolism. When there are elevated levels of glucose in the blood, it is known as hyperglycemia. If the levels continue to remain high over an extended period of time, damage can be done to the kidneys, cardiovascular systems; you can get eye disorders, or even cause nerve damage. When the glucose levels are low in one’s body, it is called hypoglycemia. A person begins to feel very jittery, and possibly dizzy. If that occurs over a period of time, the person can possibly faint. Diabetes mellitus occurs in three different forms - type 1, type 2, and gestational.
The purpose of this study is to research the disease Type 2 Diabetes and to discover whether it is being effectively treated and prevented in Merced County, California. According to the National Institutes of Health, Diabetes Mellitus is “a lifelong (chronic) disease in which there are high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood. It is also the most common form of Diabetes”.1 Furthermore, there are many risk and lifestyle factors associated with this disease, but the most prevalent are; obesity (#1 risk factor), sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy eating habits, family history and genetics, increased age, high blood pressure and high cholesterol, and a history of gestational diabetes.2 The long term complications of having type 2 diabetes can include but are not limited to; eye problems (cataracts and glaucoma), foot problems (neuropathy/ nerve damage), skin problems (infections), high blood pressure (which raises your risk for heart attack, stroke, eye problems and kidney disease), hearing loss, oral health, mental health and early death.3
First of all, diabetes also known as diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that a person gets from high blood glucose or when your bodies cells do not respond to insulin and in some cases both (Medical News Today). There are three types of diabetes type 1, type 2, and gestational. All cases of diabetes do not affect you the same and all have different syndromes that will affect your body differently. While men can get two of these cases of diabetes, women can get all three.
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is an intolerance of glucose documented for the first time during pregnancy. It is usually a short-term type of diabetes and the most common health problem with pregnant women. GBM is caused by the way the hormones in pregnancy affect the mother. GDM accounts for 5-7% of all pregnancies (American Diabetes Association, 2010). During pregnancy the placenta develops and becomes the main bond between the mother and the baby. It is used to make sure the baby has and gets enough nutrients. The placenta makes several hormones which make it hard for insulin to control blood glucose and block the action of the mother’s insulin in her body (American Diabetes Association, 2010). Hormonal changes during the pregnancy causes the body to be less sensitive to insulin. Insulin has the job of opening up the cells so that the glucose can get inside regulating the amount of glucose in the blood while glucose is the amount of sugar in the blood stream. In pregnancy, the body needs to make three times more insulin for control of the blood sugar. GDM is usually found within the second trimester of a pregnancy and increases until the end of the pregnancy. Usually within a few hours of delivery the condition resolves itself (American Diabetes Association, 2010).
Insulin is produced in the pancreas, inside the pancreas are pancreatic islets cells which secrete the insulin. Pancreatic islets are also known as islets of langerhans, they are clumps of cells scattered among the pancreatic cells. This hormone is known to be produced by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets. Blood glucose is also known as blood sugars, these blood sugars are required to be at a normal (80-100 mg of sugar) level. Hyposecretion can cause type 1 diabetes mellitus, which means that not enough blood glucose is not leaving the blood. The hyposecretion is caused by many factors like tumors in the pancreas. Type 2 diabetes is caused by the failure of the insulin receptors not being able to send the message to the cell to produce
Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy. Although it usually goes away after the baby is born, it does bring health risks for both the mother and baby. When you’re pregnant, pregnancy hormones make it harder for insulin to move glucose from your blood into the cells. If your body can’t produce enough insulin to overcome the effects of insulin resistance, you’ll develop gestational diabetes. (IHC, 2013)
“25.8 million children and adults in the United States, and 8.3% of the population, have diabetes.” Stated in WebMD. This shows how common diabetes is, and how it affects our lives today. A common disease that is confused is diabetes Type 1 and type 2. Type 1 is a lack of insulin and Type 2 is too little insulin or the body doesn’t make enough. Type 2 can be prevented, but Type 1 is genetic. There is generally no cure for Type 1 diabetes, but there are some treatments for Type 2.
The pancreas regulates blood glucose levels and plays a key role in metabolism. The pancreas helps break down food in the small intestine by digestive juices and enzymes. One of the hormones the pancreas produces is insulin. This hormone is responsible for regulating glucose. All the cells in the body requires glucose for energy. If your body doesn’t produce enough insulin or doesn’t properly make use of it than, the glucose builds up in the bloodstream. This can lead to hyperglycemia which is a deficiency of insulin secretion or decrease sensitivity of receptors on the target cells. Diabetes mellitus condition can exist in three different forms, type one, type two, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Type one is also called insulin dependent
Diabetes Mellitus is the seventh leading cause of death, blindness and amputation in the United States. Diabetes is not categorized as one single disease but a group of complications with glucose intolerance in common. It is a metabolic disorder characterized as hyperglycemia which results from a decreased insulin production, secretion and usage. Diabetes also increases the risk of renal disease, heart disease, vascular disease, neuropathy, retinopathy and cerebral vascular accidents. Regular exercise and healthy eating play an important role in the prevention of diabetes mellitus.
Pregnant women who develop a condition known as gestational diabetes (high blood sugar levels during pregnancy) can still have honey as long as they count its calories in their total caloric intake. Honey can raise the blood sugar level since it contains fructose, so you must take care not to take too much honey in your diet.
One of the major problems a woman with gestational diabetes faces is a condition the baby may develop called "macrosomia." Macrosomia means "large body" and refers to a baby that is considerably larger than normal. All of the nutrients the fetus receives come directly from the mother's blood. If the mother’s blood has too much glucose (simple sugar), the pancreas of the fetus senses the high glucose levels and produces more insulin (a hormone regulating the glucose level in blood) in an attempt to use the glucose. The fetus converts the extra glucose to fat. Occasionally, the baby grows too large to be delivered through the vagina and a cesarean delivery becomes necessary.