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Female discrimination in the workplace in the past
Women's discrimination in the 18th century
The impact of gender inequality
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Recommended: Female discrimination in the workplace in the past
RESEARCH:
This formal report will utilize mainly online resources will attain information on gender inequality. These sources will include scholarly articles and reports, journals, statistics on the relevant topic, and some print sources that can be accessed from the internet.
BACKGROUND:
For centuries there has been gender discrimination and inequality, most often towards women. At one time or another, in many different counties, there have been laws that denied women the right to go to school, to travel, the right to hold property, to enter certain occupations, and many others. Since the 1960s, American society has made great progress towards gender equality. Women’s rate of employment has dramatically increased, gender discrimination in both employment and education is illegal, and women now (surpass) men in college graduation rates. However, gender inequality remains in the United States. One type of gender inequality most talked about and that will be discussed in this report is that of the workplace. Gender inequality can found in many different fields and different positions around the world. This report will show findings of gender inequality in the accounting field.
The first research done on the topic by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) was in 1993. According to this study titled Women’s Status and Work/Family Issues in Public Accounting, women hired into public accounting firms were not progressing up the ranks as quickly or in the same volume as men in the field were. Since this survey, many others have researched into this and it has been found that women are still to this day, 20 years later, not progressing up to higher ranks at the same rate at which they were hired. (Single)
RESEAR...
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...ce Gender Equality Agency, 2013. Web. Nov. 2013.
Catalyst. Catalyst Quick Take: Women in Accounting. New York: Catalyst, 2013.
"Diversity in the Accounting Profession." Diversity in the Accounting Profession. Certified General Accountants Association of British Columbia, Dec. 2012. Web. Nov. 2013.
Hardies, Kris, Diane Breesch, and Joël Branson. "Gender Inequality in Small and Large Audit Firms." By Kris Hardies, Diane Breesch, Joël Branson. Social Science Research Network, 20 Apr. 2013. Web. Nov. 2013.
O'Neill, Olivia, and Charles O'Reilly. "Reducing the Backlash Effect: Self-monitoring and Women’s Promotions." Http://www.alphagalileo.org/. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2010. Web. Nov. 2013.
Single, Louise. "Gender, Family and Work-Life Issues in Public Accounting." Gender, Family and Work-Life Issues in Public Accounting. AICPA, June 2011. Web. Nov. 2013.
Darity William A. Inequality, Gender." International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Ed. 2nd ed. Vol. 3. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. 624-627. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 1 Dec. 2013.
Traditional gender roles in the United States and other societies have always been dictated as where the man goes and works for a salary as women stay at home to take of house related work. However, many changes in the traditional family has made gender roles go through significant changes. Many women have gone through college and have obtained college education degrees, which has allowed women to advance their careers. The break down of rigid gender roles and the increase in participation of women in the workplace have granted women more choices in life. The choices many women now have in there career fields has made some controversial views on the intelligence of women achieving the status of their male counterparts The first view obtained in the workplace is the ability to make a even paying field for both men and women. Many constituents have pledge to achieve equality for women through laws forbidding the use of any sexist policies that may constitute discrimination against sex. The second is weather working women have been allowed to working women have the same opportunities rewarded to them as men do. Many political action committees have help perpetuate feminist movements which intended to build equal opportunity workplaces for both men and women however, many questionable issues still arise at weather working conditions have become better for women.
Gregory, Raymond F. Women and Workplace Discrimination: Overcoming Barriers to Gender Equality. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.
On the other hand, studies show that the number of women working has dramatically changed since 1970. These studies show that back then, the workforce was made up with 37.97 percent of women. Comparing this percentage to the studies made from 2006 to 2010, the presence of women in the workplace has increased at least 10 percent. In the 1970’s, it was really rare to see a woman working as an accountant; today, 60 percent of those accountants are women. Also, they have kept their own “careers for women” because more than 90 percent of dental assistants, secretaries and other work fields are composed by
According to the article “It’s a Man’s World”, many fields are still male-dominated even though women have slowly started entering them. Historically women have been time and again been denied to enter certain occupations based on gender. Women still face many of the same challenges addressed in working in a male-dominated career. Earning the respect of their male colleagues, obtaining the same promotions and balancing work and home life appear to remain at the forefront of issues still in need of being addressed.
United States Census Bureau. “Women in the Workforce”. Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Web. 24 October 2012.
Parcheta, N., Kaifi, B., & Khanfar, N. (2013). Gender Inequality in the Workforce: A Human Resource Management Quandary. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 4(3), 240-248.
Women are more than half the work force and are graduating at higher rates then men and continue to earn considerably less then men. There are several contributing factors to the gender wage gap. Women experience gender discrimination in the work force even though it’s been illegal since the Equal Pay Act in 1963. One of the challenges for women is uncovering discrimination. There is a lack of transparency in earnings because employees are either contractually prohibited or it’s strongly discouraged from being discussed. Discrimination also occurs in the restricting of women’s access to jobs with the highest commission payments, or access to lucrative clients.
In the 21st Century the number of women enrolling in higher education institutions is surpassing the numbers of men enrolled. The graduation rates of women from high school and higher education are most often higher than for men. The number of women graduates from most professional occupations, including higher paying medicine, law and business, will exceed the number of men graduates in the near future. In numerous occupational areas with a majority of women graduates, salaries already surpass salaries in occupational areas with a majority of men graduates.
Harvard Business Review. Women in the Workplace: A Research Roundup. n.d. 15 November 2013 .
"Accountants and Auditors." U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. U.S. Department Of Labor, 18 Dec. 2007. Web. 20 Nov. 2009. .
Gender Inequality at a Workplace Historically, males and females normally assume different kinds of jobs with varying wages in the workplace. These apparent disparities are widely recognized and experienced across the globe, and the most general justification for these differences is that they are the direct outcomes of discrimination or traditional gender beliefs—that women are the caregivers and men are the earners. However, at the turn of the new century, women have revolutionized their roles in the labor market. Specifically in industrialized societies, the social and economic position of women has shifted. Despite the improving participation of women in the labor force and their ameliorating proficiency and qualifications, the labor force is still not so favorable to women.
The goal on gender equality and impact of gender discrimination varies from country to country, depending on the social, cultural and economic contexts. Anti-discrimination laws have performed a critical role in expanding work place opportunities for women, yet they are still denied full equality in the workplace. Even though they can now secure powerful professional, academic and corporate positions once reserved for men, the ever present glass ceiling still deters the advancement of large segment of the female workforce (Gregory, 2003). Interest in the careers of females remained strong among both scholars and practitioners. Women have made considerable progress in entering the managerial ranks also but not at the highest levels. However, the promotion of women who hold top management positions increased only slightly during the last decade (U.S. Department of Labor, 1992). Shrinking gender differences between men and women in job related skills and aspirations may not reduce employer discrimination that is rooted in the belief that women’s emotions prevent them from managing effectively (Kanter, 1977). Stumpf and London (1981) identified criteria that are commonly used when decisions are made about management promotions. The specified job-irrelevant criteria, such as gender, race and appearance, and job-relevant criteria, such as related work experience, being a current member of the organization offering the position, past performance, education and seniority.. The central question is whether the hiring, development, and promotion practices of employers that discriminated against women in the past have been remedied or continue in more subtle forms to impede women’s advancement up in the hierarchy
Gender bias has a long history and continues to occur in the workplace today. Research indicates that women remain significantly disadvantaged and mistreated compared to men in the workforce. How do the disparities of hiring, promotion, and salaries affect women in the workplace?
Gender inequality all began because of the patriarchal society back in past centuries. Some people, mostly males, are still having issues and concerns that our society is not so much male dominated anymore. Today females have a lot more freedom and opportunities in the employment fields especially in occupations that people have always stereotyped men to have. Altman and Pannell (2012) state that, “Domestic work, weather paid or unpaid, has long been socially defined as women’s work.” (p. 293). Ever since the 19th and 20th century, women have been stereotyped as household employers and men have always been the financial providers in society. Men used to be viewed as physically and mentally stronger than women, and claim that th...