In Fyfe and Kenny’s work, the different ways that the city forms and operates are explored. The first paper details how cities expand and it provides a simple model showing the succession of how the city expands. In this model, the city expands from the “loop” which would be the central business district, to the area of transition where manufacturing is done, to the areas of residence for workers, and then to the suburban residential zone. Another concept in this paper would be how the disorganization of a large number of immigrants has caused “slums” and regions of extreme poverty to pop up outside the loop of cities. Mobility is also mentioned as an explanation for the high costs of land in central areas within cities. The second paper details
how low, middle, and high rent residential areas are formed. High rent areas start at the city’s business core and then move outward to the periphery of the city. Middle rent areas form along the outsides of the high rent areas, and the low rent areas are closer to the inner city. High rent areas tend to be built instead of moved into, while middle rent areas are moved into by people coming from the low rent areas. The third paper is about the central place theory and how cities are distanced between each other. Many tactics have been used to determine if the central place theory is adequate, but there is too much variety in the structure of cities to use just one theory. The support of cities is explored in the last paper. The support that cities provide can be summarized into three categories: cities as central places, transport, and specialized function. In “The New Metropolis”, researchers have been rethinking how metropolis’ and megalopolis’ have been defined. Metropolitan areas have been increasing in size and in some areas they are converging with other metros. This phenomenon is causing a struggle for U.S. Census workers who are trying to understand how far people are commuting between these metro areas.
Lawrence Willoughby, an African American male, was born in 1881 in Pitt County, North Carolina. He was the son of Lannie Anderson and X Willoughby. Lawrence married at 22,a woman by the name of Jennie Best on December 20, 1903. Records says that the two married in Pitt County, North Carolina. They had eight children in 13 years. He died on August 4, 1951, in Greenville, North Carolina, at the age of 70.
Line of duty death are terrible but they can be prevented by following the right procedure. Kyle Dinkheller was sheriff who made a couple mistakes which cost him his life. First he let the suspect get out of his car before the deputy ask him to. Second, he let the suspect feel like he was in charged in the traffic stop. Third, he let the suspect return to his vehicle after he was being uncooperative. Lastly, Dinkheller should more training with his weapon.
In the book The Great Inversion, author Alan Ehrenhalt reveals the changes that are happing in urban and suburban areas. Alan Ehrenhalt the former editor of Governing Magazine leads us to acknowledge that there is a shift in urban and suburban areas. This revelation comes as the poorer, diverse, city dwellers opt for the cookie cutter, shanty towns at the periphery of American cities known as the suburbs. In similar fashion the suburbanites, whom are socioeconomic advantaged, are looking to migrate into the concrete jungles, of America, to live an urban lifestyle. Also, there is a comparison drawn that recognizes the similarities of cities and their newer, more affluent, residents, and those cities of Europe a century ago and their residents. In essence this book is about the demographic shifts in Urban and Suburban areas and how these changes are occurring.
According to Lehrer, U., & Wieditz, T. (2009), Toronto saw a massive population growth in a period of thirty years due to the extensive construction of high-rise condominium towers which led to the city being divided into three distinct cities: “city of the rich, the shrinking city of middle-income households, and the growing city of concentrated poverty.” According to the article the division is caused by the development of condominiums as the new form of gentrification which displaces the poor people and focuses to attract the higher-income people to the area.
Segrue, Thomas J. The Origins of the Urban Crisis. Princeton, New Jersey. Princeton University Press, 1996.
Fosse took a vaudevillian approach to his movement, specializing each body part as intensely as possible. Energy flowed from every inch of Fosse’s movement from his face all the way down to his toes. Robbins and Fosse had different approaches to the male and female anatomy of movement. Robbins saw the male’s physicality as useful and predominant in his productions West Side Story and On the Town when it came to partnering movements and bold/powerful expressions. Fosse idolized the female’s body and made the men more feminine, in productions of Chicago and Sweet Charity creating a juxtaposition between power on the sexes. They both used the emphasis of unified movement to create an instability in times of the changing world in their pieces.
Beginning in the 1960s, middle and upper class populations began moving out of the suburbs and back into urban areas. At first, this revitalization of urban areas was 'treated as a 'back to the city' movement of suburbanites, but recent research has shown it to be a much more complicated phenomenon' (Schwirian 96). This phenomenon was coined 'gentrification' by researcher Ruth Glass in 1964 to describe the residential movement of middle-class people into low-income areas of London (Zukin 131). More specifically, gentrification is the renovation of previously poor urban dwellings, typically into condominiums, aimed at upper and middle class professionals. Since the 1960s, gentrification has appeared in large cities such as Washington D.C., San Francisco, and New York. This trend among typically young, white, upper-middle class working professionals back into the city has caused much controversy (Schwirian 96). The arguments for and against gentrification will be examined in this paper.
Gentrification is generally a sign of growth in economics. As money flows into a neighborhood, many characteristics of everyday life are transformed for the “better”. Buildings and parks are modernized and revamped. Jobs become available with the increased construction activity and new service and retail businesses. The funding for local public schools will increase as the property tax base increases. There are many benefits of gentrification. However, the questions posed by critics of gentrification are, "Do new and old residents alike equally share the benefits of economic growth?" and "Socially, what is the cost of economic growth?" These two questions provoke a host of others, such as: Who benefits the most from this growth? What will be the damage to the cultural and social fabric of the neighborhood with the arrival of new expectations, tastes, and demographics?
Michael Wigglesworth writes his poem on the view of the New England colony religiously furthermore how God is inspecting them. He starts by showing his viewpoint as a minister and stating that more people should be following him for the love of the all mighty. As it goes on you see how people are just not caring as much as they once did. Throughout Wigglesworth ends almost all the stanza with a question in a way to make it that there is no better way then God. For the most part saying that if you answer it in a way other then God you are wrong. He then ends the poem with a cry for help that if these people don’t change then there will be no hope for New England. Its like Wigglesworth is also pleading with God that he will keep faith and not to be unhappy with his new home.
Roberto Camagni, Roberta Capello and Peter Nijkamp. (2001). Handbook of Urban Studies. London: SAGE Publications.
The paper focuses of the ‘Incremental Housing’ developed by natural growth process, in the periphery of New Delhi, India and proposes a model, which shows the strong and positive connection between the facility of adequate housing and encouraging a better and developed living environment. The interest for incremental cities comes from a concern for the types of urbanism that has grown over time through gradual growth and infill. Incremental cities are the outcome of a continuous modification of their past and present, concerning existing and evolving local conditions. This cannot either be master planne...
Modifications in economic processes are important drivers which can lead to changed patterns of production, for example in form of changed patterns of economic specialisation. Duranton and Puga (2005) argue that with improved organisation in economic processes sectoral specialisation where core-peripheral patterns is displaced by functional specialisation and characterised by different economic specialisation of cities. The development of specialised urban locations leads to an increase of interaction and flows between these different sites. In regions where previous secondary centers can complement, huge core cities polycentric metropolitan regions arise. Prud’homme (1996) provides a convincing explanation for the growth of megacities in the last part of the twentieth century: Megacities’ capacity to maintain a unified labor market is the true long run limit to their size. Market fragmentation due to management or infrastructure failure should therefore result initially in economic decay and eventually in a loss of population1. In this paper, I am considering the spatial structure of a city as the possible cause of labor markets consolidation or fragmentation. It is obvious that the fragmentation of labor markets might have many different other causes, for instance, rigidity of labor laws or racial or sex
Apart from the real estate and the government, private businesses can influence the development of urban areas. Manufacturing in this country has been a prime example of this. Before the manufacturing industry was a major contributor to the expansion of the city and into the suburbs. As costs of manufacturing became increasingly important, many leading manufacturers relocated their plants to more inexpensive areas such as Mexico. (gottdineir, 2011, p.79) The auto industry in areas like Detroit are a prime example of what the effects of the uneven allocation of capital can be. The uneven development in these areas are then characterized by high levels of poverty and crime making them unappealing to real estate or private investment rather than attracting it, causing a devastating trend hard to
In this thesis, the main theories that seek to explain city land use patterns will be examined and
This development led to an expansion of cities not only in physical terms with low density housing but also in terms of functional relationship, creating an area of urban influence around cities. (Friedmann & Miller,