The experimenter did a functional analysis assessed skin picking for MP, a 26 year old female by completing an indirect assessment via an interview. The experimenter conducted a functional analysis to test a control condition and an alone condition. The alone condition was higher than the control condition, which indicates MP’s skin picking is automatically maintained. The researcher conducted a preference assessment to choose the reinforcer. MP was a participant observer and MP’s significant other collected reliability data. One portion of treatment included a head scratcher and each time she used the head scratcher appropriately, MP would reinforce with a 20-cents addition to a gift card for a preferred store. The other portion of treatment
Schacter, D. L., Gilbert, D. T., & Wegner, D. M. (2010). Psychology. (2nd ed., p. 600). New York: Worth Pub.
In "Tina Theory: Notes on Fierceness," Madison Moore mostly concentrates on Tina Turner to explore the numerous layers of fierceness and how Turner impacted his life. On the other hand, Moore connects, with political issues about African-Americans and their contribution to the entertainment world and pop culture while utilizing fierceness to identified black individuals in the mid-twentieth century. Moore paints a boisterous essay by utilizing Tina Turner to explain his "concepts of fierceness" (Moore 176); yet, why does Moore think Tina Turner is the ideal way to approach and define fierceness? Moore also expresses that "fierceness embodies several contradictions all at once" (161). Does it genuinely have any kind of effect that he imagines
The novel, Farewell to Manzanar, by Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston, tells her family’s true story of how they struggled to not only survive, but thrive in forced detention during World War II. She was seven years old when the war started with the bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1942. Her life dramatically changed when her and her family were taken from their home and sent to live at the Manzanar internment camp. Along with ten thousand other Japanese Americans, they had to adjust to their new life living behind barbed wire. Obviously, as a young child, Jeanne did not fully understand why they had to move, and she was not fully aware of the events happening outside the camp. However, in the beginning, every Japanese American had questions. They wondered why they had to leave. Now, as an adult, she recounts the three years she spent at Manzanar and shares how her family attempted to survive. The conflict of ethnicities affected Jeanne and her family’s life to a great extent.
Water is extremely important and essential to our health. In this experiment, an A-B-A-B design will be used to determine the effects of positive reinforcement on daily water consumption. It is expected that this treatment will increase daily water intake when combined with a positive reinforcer. Positive reinforcement occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior in similar conditions. The data for this experiment was recorded daily for a span of 4 weeks, following the rules for a reversal A-B-A-B design. The materials used in this experiment included an Apple iPhone to record the gold stars received for each day, 8 ounce Dixie plastic cups and 16 ounce Poland Spring water bottles. The participant was a male college student 18 years of age. The second week of procedure began the treatment. An average daily goal was set to 80 ounces per day. The third week of the procedure repeated the baseline treatment from week one. The data was recorded for that week the same with no reinforcement. The fourth and final week repeated week 2 of the positive reinforcement treatment. Gold stars were given accordingly if the participant achieved his daily goal of 80 ounces per day.
I chose to analyze Despicable Me, an animated film geared towards a younger audience, because I was interested in examining underlying theories and messages that this film would be relaying to its viewers. Often times, when watching animated films, children are not aware of these messages, as they are absorbed by the characters, special effects, and humor. But as we have learned throughout this semester, our brains are subconsciously primed by the various surroundings we are exposed to. Since we also studied the impacts of entertainment, such as television and video games, on children, I wanted to see how a popular children’s film might also affect them.
Behavior assessments are important applications for gaining insight into the motivation of individuals. By conducting these assessments, target behaviors can be defined. After defining these behaviors, functional relationships can be identified. This links the target behavior with antecedents and consequences. Once recognized these antecedents and consequences can be manipulated to influence the target behavior (Ebanks & Fisher, 2003). These behavior assessments work as the foundation for behavior modification therapy.
The experimental participants in each study are one hundred twenty and one hundred eighty Washington University undergraduates separately, ages 18 to 24, participated in partial fulfillment of course requirements.
Salkind and Neil (2008) defined reinforcers as the first class of consequences, which, consists of events that increase the future probability of a behavior they immediately follow. These include events that strengthen behaviors when they are presented following the behavior, such as food, attention, or social praise. Reinforcement encourages some responses, discourages others and even creates new responses. According to Gross (2010) reinforcement schedules are an important aspect of B. F. Skinner’s work which is concerned with the effects on behaviour of how frequently and how regularly reinforcements are presented. This paper will seek to outline the reinforcement schedules and how they are applied in everyday life.
A convenience sample of 40 participants (20 women, 20 men) was used as part of this study. These participants varied from the ages 18-45, in which Group 1 had an average of (M= ###) and Group 2 had an average of (M= ##). Demographics were just based on age, sex, and ethnicity. Participants were tested in two different groups in which there were 20 subjects in each group. Ten females and ten males participated in one group and the other ten males and ten females were put into the second groups.
Participants were _______ (number) undergraduates at the Ohio State University recruited from different courses. _________ were females and ________ were males. The participants were randomly assigned to one of the four experimental conditions: sexualized image and cognitive load (n =___), sexualized image and no cognitive load (n = ____), non-sexualized image and cognitive load (n = ___), and non-sexualized image and no cognitive load (n = _____).
Psychologists study can result from more than one set of conditions, whether the observations refer to motor behaviors, verbal reports, or biological processes. This implies that the probability of discovering robust relations between a class of incentive and a category of outcome will be enhanced by looking for patterns of measures, rather than focusing on single, usually continuous, variables.
Staddon, J. and Cerutti, D. (2003) Operant conditioning. Annual Review of Psychology [online]. Vol. 50, pp.115-114 [Accessed 31 Jan 2006]. Available at: .
In this experiment, I am planning to change my behavior of biting my nails. This is widely regarded as a bad habit, and I feel as though it would be quite simple to condition this rather unsanitary behavior out of my everyday actions. If the experiment goes as planned, I will no longer be biting my nails within the next seven days. If my assumptions are correct, then operant conditioning will be the most suitable form of conditioning for this experiment; this is my conviction because I feel as though this would involve mostly ¨voluntary¨ behaviors along with negative reinforcement.
Firstly, the instrumental behavior must reflect an awareness of the relationship between a sequence of actions and the repercussions. Secondly, the outcome has to be considerably desirable at the moment of choice. Goal directed actions arise from the fact that subjects tend to prefer actions because they believe the actions lead to outcomes that are currently appealing. This differs from habitual responding mainly because habitual responding in that case is supposed to have been facilitated by past reinforcement. Whereas habitual responding is independent of the current appeal and associated outcome, Goal directed actions significantly depend on the outcomes’ appeal (Ray J. Dolan, 2013). Goals are primarily considered to be the key influencers of individuals’ actions (Peter M. Gollwitzer, 1996). Based on certain special needs, therefore, goals often lead to various self regulatory and different outcomes as well. It is worth noting that positive and negative incentives are framed differently depending on one’s outcome focus. This means that positive outcome focus leads to the conception of positive incentives in terms of the assurance of favorable outcomes. The positive outcome focus also leads to conceiving of negative incentives in terms of the lack of a positive outcome. On the other hand, a negative outcome focus defines a negative incentive in terms of the availability of
This paper will define and describe the different types of operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is a sort of learning where behavior is ruled by the outcome. It is a process where an individual learns to repeat behaviors for a positive outcome or to avoid a negative outcome. B.F. Skinner (1904-1920) was a psychologist and he developed the theory of operant conditioning. Skinner was the first to explain operant conditioning and establish two dissimilar types of stimuli that can be utilized as punishments. Skinners examinations in operant conditioning required the utilization of shaping. Skinner would shape the rats behavior so that they learned to press a button that would give them food as a prize. Key concepts in operant condition are