HERZBERG THEORY
-formed by Frederick Herzberg in 1959 states that there are 2 factors that motivate a person to work. This is also known as Motivation-Hygiene theory. Herzberg’s 2 factor theory states there are factors in the workplace that causes job satisfaction, and a separate factor that causes dissatisfaction.(MacRae & Furnham, 2017). Hygiene factors are factors that are basic for the motivation to exist in an organization these includes salary, company policies, working environment and interpersonal relationships (Management Study Guide, 2013). In short, these are factors that conciliates workers,for them not to be dissatisfied (Management Study Guide, 2013). On the other hand, Motivation factors are factors that pleases or gratifies
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His theory, the Motivator-Hygiene Theory (or Two-Factor Theory), tries to answer what keeps employees satisfied at work. From his observations, he pointed out that job satisfaction has two dimensions: hygiene factors and motivators. He posited that hygiene factors do not provide satisfaction, but rather, in their absence, causes dissatisfaction. On the other hand, the presence of motivators provides satisfaction, but their absence does no cause dissatisfaction.
As with any theory, the motivator-hygiene theory has its share of criticisms. Among them is the lack of consideration for individual differences. Herzberg’s theory only takes into account internal organizational factors and does not consider personal attitudes and beliefs of one’s work. Moreover, the two-factor theory assumes that high job satisfaction equates to performance at work. This, however, does not hold true in many situations.(insert example) A highly satisfied, content, and happy worker is not necessarily the hardest worker in an organization.
Yet, despite the criticism, Herzberg’s theory still holds merit in many managerial situations. Experts have built their theories on the foundations of the motivator-hygiene theory to better explain worker motivation. Among the most prominent is the expectancy theory or Victor
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This theory implicates a logical illustration that if the nature of a job sufficed and met the five core characteristics, the employee would feel a sense of fulfillment that would result in excellent work performance (Armstrong, 2017). The job design prefigures the significant relationship of the five core dimensions as to how a worker perceives the three vital psychological states – meaningfulness of work, responsibility and knowledge of outcomes – that would eventually contribute to a sense of general job satisfaction, personal growth, increased motivation and effectiveness of work (DeVaro, Li, Brookshire, 2007). There is a dynamic suggestion in JCM that acclaims the correlation of positive feelings with an excellent performance, and negative feelings with poor performance (Mukul, Rayhan, Hoque, & Islam,
The early days of Uris Hall’s dormitory kitchen were characterized by excellent food and a content, tight-knit staff. The employees’ feelings of satisfaction and utmost commitment to their jobs are best explained using Herzberg’s Motivator-Hygiene Model. This motivation theory relies on the assumption that satisfaction and dissatisfaction in the workplace are independent of each other, and a different set of factors is responsible for causing each emotion. One motivating factor is the employees’ sense of achievement in their work. The case stresses that the eleven women who worked in the kitchen felt a consistent sense of pride in their labor; they went to great lengths to ensure superior quality
From the psychological perspective of its relationship with leadership style, the concept of job satisfaction includes multi-dimensional responses to one’s job, and that such responses have cognitive (evaluative), affective (or emotional), and behavioral components (Judge & Klinger, 2003). Weiss has also argued that job satisfaction is an attitude but points out that researchers should clearly distinguish the objects of cognitive evaluation which are affect (emotion), beliefs and behavior (Weiss, 2002). This concept of job satisfaction suggests that we form attitudes towards our jobs by taking into account our feelings, our beliefs, and our behaviors. The success of any organization depends greatly on the commitment and hard work on the part of their employees. Because of that, job satisfaction has been used as a tool to attract and retain the best employees within the
To be satisfied with one’s job, they must have optimistic feelings surrounding the job they are in, along with the physiognomies associated with it (Kroeger, Thuesen, Rutledge, 2002, p. 83). Not every single part of a job is always desirable, however, if the majority of responsibilities adequately challenge and stimulate, the job will, more often than not, satisfy the employee (Robbins, Judge, 2009, p. 84).
Frederick Herzberg is renowned for the development of his Motivator-Hygiene theory. His theory stands on the ground that employees need to get satisfied with their job and avoid job dissatisfaction. For this purpose Herzberg recommends focusing on hygiene factors to avoid job dissatisfaction and focus on motivation factors to stimulate job satisfaction. In such a way, employees achieve job satisfaction and positive performance.
The Office exemplifies both the positives and negatives of Herzberg’s two-factor theory. To begin, a motivator factor is demonstrated. At the beginning of season two episode five of The Office, Michael Scott walks into the office and greets his co-workers by saying “Happy Halloween, everyone” along with a warm smile. His co-workers are instantly recognized which ensures that they are well-respected by their manager. On the other hand, shortly after the introduction, Michael Scott informs the audience that he is in charge of firing an employee by the end of the month. Therefore, this exemplifies a hygiene factor because of low job security in the
Pardee, R. L. (1990). Motivation Theories of Maslow, Herzberg, McGregor & McClelland. A Literature Review of Selected Theories Dealing with Job Satisfaction and Motivation.
Hygiene factors are referred to as dissatisfiers and Herzberg’s motivators are called satisfiers. The hygiene factors are those things that make employees unhappy and the motivators are the things that make them happy. In Herzberg’s theory, it is believed that employers need to minimize hygiene factors and maximize motivators. Kellogg does an outstanding job applying this theory. Kellogg offers access to fitness centers, free employee health checks and fitness assessment done by professional healthcare specialist. For those that need better or flexible hours Kellogg provides several alternatives of work: Part-time employment, job sharing, career breaks, working from home, and other alternatives. To show how dedicated Kellogg are to their employees, Claire Duckworth, an employee of Kellogg, have benefited from their use of Herzberg’s theory. Claire competes in Latin American ballroom dancing, working for Kellogg enables her with flexible hours so that she can travel to different dance competitions. Claire is one of many successful and motivated employees of Kellogg (Business Case Studies,
Of the numerous speculations of work motivation, Herzberg's (1998) motivator hygiene theory has been a standout amongst the most persuasive in late decades. Essentially, the hypothesis isolates propelling variables into two classifications: Motivator factors, which have a remark with the work itself, and Hygiene factors, which have a remark with the encompassing
Job satisfaction is a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job or job experiences. It has been treated both as a general attitude and satisfaction with five specific dimensions of the job: pay, the work itself, promotion opportunities, supervision, and coworkers. Challenging work, valued rewards, opportunities for advancement, competent supervision, and supportive coworkers are dimensions of the job that can lead to satisfaction (Nelson & Quick, 2013, pg. 58-59).
Kovach KA (1987). What motivates employees? Workers and supervisors give different answers. Business Horizons, 30. 58-65. Print. 8 Feb. 2014.
Based off of the gratification an individual contains towards their work is job satisfaction. The productivity could either be positive or negative while the relationship between the productivity and satisfaction may not be consistent. There are multiple internal and external factors of job satisfaction that can impact the behavior of an employee and engagement over time. The way the worker’s attitude concerning their field effects the performance they perform on a daily basis. One who is satisfied with the job they maintain, succeed at what they do. “It is therefore imperative for a company to understand the attitude of its workers and measure the job satisfaction of its employees, as job satisfaction is essential for productivity” (L. Bradshaw
Sachau, D. A. (2007). Resurrecting the motivation-hygiene theory: Herzberg and the positive psychology movement. Human Resource Development Review,6(4), 377-393.
Job satisfaction is a person’s emotional reaction to aspects of works such as pay, supervision, colleagues, working condition, job security, company policies and support, benefits, promotion and advancement or to the work itself (French, 1990). In other words, job satisfaction is an individual’s emotional reaction to a specific job. Falkenburg and Schyns (2007) indicate that job satisfaction can be studied from different approaches. Job satisfaction can be seen as a result of different behaviours or as a cause of behaviour. Moreover, it can be seen as an overall feeling or involving of some aspects of the job and the work situation together contribute to the feeling of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with work (Johansson, 2010).
Motivation is an important function in organizations to motivate their employees for their ability to perform well, improving their skills, increasing productivity, job satisfaction and employee extension. Employees also are not a machines that we could just program their task in their brain and they will do it automatically, they require motivation to actually do their job properly. And so, after discussing the process models of the Maslow’s “Hierarchy of needs”, Douglas McGregor theory X and Y, and also the Herzberg’s “two factor motivation hygiene theory.” understanding the ways of motivating people, the human nature, and the substance of nature. I believe that the true motivation can only come from within and also managers can actually motivate all of their employees.
Job satisfaction is the intensity of contentment a person feels concerning his or her work. Based on an individual’s perception of satisfaction the level can be decided. Job satisfaction is highly dependent on a person’s capability to finish obligatory tasks, the level of hold and communication in the company, and the efficient management employee coordination. It is not simple as the definition suggests and instead various psychological responses regarding one’s work and life are involved. According to researchers, job satisfaction measures greatly differ in the level to which they quantify thoughts about the work or cognitions about the work. Two different levels of job satisfaction can be defined: “affective job satisfaction” and “cognitive job satisfaction”. Affective job satisfaction can be defined as a person’s expressive sentiment towards the job as a whole. Cognitive job satisfaction can be defined as the level of satisfaction a person feels regarding a facet of his or her job, such as compensation, duration of working hours or rewards.