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Characteristics of authoritarian government
2 types of leadership styles
2 types of leadership styles
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Recommended: Characteristics of authoritarian government
Four Different Types of Authority
Y Authoritarian
Y Dictatorial
Y Consultative
Y Participative
I will now explain these different types of authority in detail.
Authoritarian:
In this type of authority the leader tells the group what has to be
done and how to go on about it. An appropriate way to use this is when
you have all the information you require for the task (there is
nothing to discuss) but you have time limitations. This way of
leadership is excellent to achieve your result. It gives the leader
total power, which would be useful in the armed forces for example
where personnel need to get used to not question orders.
Positive and negative points about authoritarian:
Positives:
Y Can be effective in achieving task
Y Improves discipline
Y Time efficient
Negatives:
Y Cause resentment
Y Could miss good ideas
Y Low morale
Dictatorial:
This type of authority comes from a dictator; this term is at times
wrongly used to refer to someone who is bossy or arrogant as a leader.
A dictator has an un-restrained authority over people.
Over history there have been many dictators such as, Augusto Pinochet,
Sadam Hussein, Adolf Hitler, Stalin, or Mugabe.
Such a leader would have the right to change laws without consulting
those who would later have to abide by these laws. Dictators cannot be
removed from power through elections, which stops the dictator from
having any fear of loosing power if they go too far out of line.
Power is maintained through imposing extreme fear upon its subjects.
Positive and negative points about dictatorial:
Positives:
Y ...
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...tockwell tube station after being
mistaken for a suicide bomber. The case is under investigation by the
Independent Police Complaints Commission. A string of blunders have
emerged, including the white Brazilian man being misidentified as a
black African terrorism suspect.
Senior officers have met in the past month to learn early lessons from
the Stockwell incident. Senior officers believe that the shoot to kill
policy must be retained, but they have been discussing ways in which
the risk of killing innocent people can be minimised.
Part of the review will look at intelligence. The police source said:
"In any firearms incident the most crucial bit is the intelligence you
receive. One question is how much intelligence do you need to shoot to
kill. What systems are available to check out the intelligence
quickly?"
“The villain of any story is often the most compelling character” –John Hodgman. Hodgman quotes here that often in a story the villain is known to be the most overpowering character. In Arthur Miller’s The Crucible, Judge Danforth, due to his misuse of privilege as a naïve dignitary, is the most villainous character in the play. This creates the tragedy in Salem because his ill-judgement and desire for power leads to the deaths of the accused citizens who in reality are innocent.
The first model to the judicial decision making is the attitudinal model. This model of judicial decision making speculates that a judge’s behavior can be predicted mostly by his or her policy attitudes. It perceives judges of the court as motivated by policy goals and unconstrained by the law. Therefore, they decide cases according to moral preference rather than by the meaning or intention of legal texts. One review of the attitudinal model is the fact it relied heavily on unreliable evidence. Also, the attitudinal model of decision making does not always interpret from explaining justice’s decisions at the Supreme Court. Most legal practitioners such as lawyers and judges are likely to think that a very simple attitudinal model is missing
Under Article III of the Constitution the judicial branch was established, but rather implicit in proportion to the other two branches of government. This ambiguity allocates various opportunities for interpretation of judicial power. In Federalist 78, Alexander Hamilton addresses the role of the judiciary branch within the federal government in regards to political immunity of judges through life tenure and contribution to checks and balances through power or judicial review. Chief Justice John Marshall, in his ruling of Marbury v. Madison, established the principle of judicial review advocated by Hamilton in the Federalist Papers. Originally designated as the weakest of the three branches in government by the framers of the Constitution, the Judiciary has accumulated an increase in political influence through judiciary review and has proven to be an essential institution in the separation of powers as well as an active participant in the system of checks and balances.
When the Constitution of the United States of America was signed and ratified the people had a self sustaining government made up of three equal, but distinct, branches. The legislative branch, made up of a House of Representatives and Senate; The executive branch, which includes the President, Vice President, and the executive cabinet members; Finally, the judicial branch, consisting of the state and federal courts. The framers believed that all three branches in theory, would work together to govern not only for the good of the people, but for the good of the states, and the nation as a whole. Similarly to today, the framers had two camps that held different ideologies as to how a government should execute its policies. The Federalists stood for a strong central government, and the Anti-Federalists stood for individual and states rights. After much intense debate, the two sides were able to come together to settle their differences. Above all, the framers wanted to ensure that the government could never gain enough power to ever become the tyrannical force that they had broken away from under English rule. In the framers eyes, the three branch government would effectively deal with the balance of power by providing oversight for each other, and by holding each branch accountable for their actions and policies.
Power is a difficult concept to identify; it has been defined in several ways by many scholars. Hinings et al. (1967) state that power is analogous to bureaucracy, while Bierstedt (1950) and Blau (1964) state that it is purely coercion (Stojkovic et al, 2008). Moreover, Hall and Tolbert (2005) identify that there are five types of power, reward, coercive, legitimate, referent, and expert (Stojkovic et al, 2008). According to studies these five types of power are important and needed in a criminal justice agency for greater effectiveness and efficiency.
John Adams once remarked “..I say, that power must never be trusted without check” . And true enough, anything or any person in power must be kept in check lest there is another Fascist Dictator in the world.
The issue of authority and respect has been and will be an ongoing issue between youngsters and their elderly. In the story Red Dress by Alice Munro and the movie Rebel without a Cause by Nicholas Ray the issue of authority and respect comes up many times through the character actions. Authority and respect is directly linked to one another. It is very hard to obey supremacy if you have no respect for authority. In both the works we have studied, all the characters have trouble dealing with the issues of authority and respect for themselves and for others, they do not show respect to their parents and therefore does not look upon them as authority figures.
Authority cannot exist without obedience. Society is built on this small, but important concept. Without authority and its required obedience, there would only be anarchy and chaos. But how much is too much, or too little? There is a fine line between following blindly and irrational refusal to obey those in a meaningful position of authority. Obedience to authority is a real and powerful force that should be understood and respected in order to handle each situation in the best possible manner.
The intersection between social psychology, history, and memory has always been a fascinating subject. Common sense would tell a person that psychology and memory are inextricably linked, but the question remains of how this relates to history? One interesting area of social psychology is Cognitive Authority. The theory of cognitive authority is helpful in elucidating why the troubling aspect of World War II memory called Holocaust Revisionism is more prominent than it really should be. In this paper, I will take a look at the tactics employed by the infamous and discredited historian, David Irving, which gained him a significant, underground movement and how these tactics relate to cognitive authority and World War II memory in general.
Obedience to Authority Today our society raises us to believe that obedience is good and disobedience is bad. We are taught that we should all do what we’re told, and that the people that are disobedient are almost always bad people. Society tells us this, but it is not true. Most people will even be obedient to the point of causing harm to others, because to be disobedient requires the courage to be alone against authority. In Stanley Milgram’s "Perils of Obedience" experiment, his studies showed that sixty percent of ordinary people would agree to obey an authority figure, even to the point of severely hurting another human being.
The Meaning of Authority Authority: This can be defined as the power or right to give orders or make decisions an example of this being used is "he has the authority to issue warrants". Authority is what maintains discipline; it enforces rules and regulations (helps to maintain it). Authority can come from one person or a group of people. Authority can have different meanings depending on the context in which it’s used in, it can mean: Y When somebody’s opinions is accepted because they have better knowledge on the subject area Y The right to enforce obedience on others Y
For week six it was asked to discuss the functions of the three types of federal bureaucracy.
Although they are very closely related, power and authority are two different concepts. Power is needed in order to establish authority, yet it is also completely distinct from authority (Week 9 Study Notes).
In the political approach, political authority is divided between a central government and the provincial or state governments. This means that some provinces or states are accorded a substantial measure of constitutional or legal sovereignty, although they still remain subordinates of the central government in certain constitutional or legal respects. The political approach promotes the political values of military strength, economic development, union, and representation. In addition, it is characterized by three central features: state sovereignty, bicameralism, and multiple layers of representation.
This point I am still half way. Long way to go. There are many rules on previous assignments that took time to research, and citation signal phrase. Of course, this assignment had rules but I CAN”T research that I have to use all my words.