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Breastfeeding vs formula feeding research studies
Breastfeeding vs formula feeding research studies
Mother baby bonding theory
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Transition & Life Cycle: Across family life-cycle literature, the arrival of a first child into the marital structure is considered to be one of the most common and key stages a family will experience during its development. Further, it also possesses the potential to be one of the most stressful examples of change within the marital relationship with the experience of having a baby being ranked at 6th out of 102 stressful life events1. It is widely accepted that the birth of a child changes the parents’ marriage or relationship, but to what degree and to which areas of the relationship depend upon the individuals. One literature review by Cowan and Cowan, regarding the transition into parenthood, concluded that; changes that occur in parents’ …show more content…
Obstetricians and midwives are in the uniquely challenging position where they must balance up the interests of two individuals, that is the autonomy and beneficence-based duty to the mother and the beneficence-based duty to the unborn foetus. This is due to the fact that the foetus is incapable of having its own perspective on beneficence and is therefore innately non-autonomous. This discussion will however focus on the consent process within certain aspects of …show more content…
It is defined as a process in which the medical professional provides appropriate and accurate information to the patient, allowing them to ask any relevant questions and come to a rationalised and deliberated decision. The crucial factors in obtaining valid consent are that the patient is considered competent with the ability to understand and retain information before communicating their decision21. The consent to undergo or refuse treatment in the majority of cases should be up to the patient only without coercion from family, friends or carers21. The patient should be fully informed with accurate and concise information, including appropriate alternatives and the consequences of refusing treatment, and given appropriate time to reflect upon this and ask relevant questions or request further information21. If after everything has been addressed fully to the protocol and the competent patient were to refuse treatment, it is important as a healthcare professional to respect their decision even if it does not agree with your personal
In the case study, Betty was adamant in refusing treatment, despite the risks of the illness progressing and potentially leading to death; under the laws of the medical treatment act (1988) any adult who exhibits competency has the right to refuse treatment, even if refusal of care increases the risk to their health, this right is based on autonomy (3). The information outlined suggests that Betty was capable of making a decision as she fulfils all the elements of consent; therefore she is competent and has the right to deny treatment. Betty acknowledges the risks of not receiving treatment and admits that not receiving treatment will make it difficult, demonstrating her sound understanding of the risk and benefits of the outcomes. For a patient to fulfil the element of understanding they must receive, process and incorporate the information they are provided with into their own personal values and Betty demonstrates this level of understanding by sticking to her values, her decision to stay home and by acknowledging the difficulties and risks of not receiving treatment (3). Once Betty received a diagnosis she was informed by the paramedic of the outcomes and potential risks of not receiving treatment for her condition, Betty was sufficiently informed with information and risks relevant to her situation, enabling her to make an informed decision (3). In order for consent to be considered voluntary, a patient must consent to treatment in an environment free of threat and pressure; if a patients decision is genuine they will also accept responsibility for the outcomes and understand the risks (3). Voluntary consent is a slightly grey area in Betty’s scenario, her son is potentially placing pressure on Betty with his demands, however, Betty expresses responsibility by admitting it will be difficult to and
The focus of this study is to see if infant form the same crucial attachment classifications to their fathers as they do to their mother and if the parenting style is linked to the attachment formed. Given the increase in stay-at-home fathers and the research done on the importance of early infant attachment on a child’s cognitive, social, and emotional development, it is a sound claim to make that looking at parenting styles and the attachments formed to fathers could provide great insight to an under-researched subject. It is hypothesized that parenting styles are linked to the attachment infants form to fathers, as the primary caregiver, and these attachments are much like the four identified styles found with mothers which can be observed in a strange situation.
Informed consent is the basis for all legal and moral aspects of a patient’s autonomy. Implied consent is when you and your physician interact in which the consent is assumed, such as in a physical exam by your doctor. Written consent is a more extensive form in which it mostly applies when there is testing or experiments involved over a period of time. The long process is making sure the patient properly understands the risk and benefits that could possible happen during and after the treatment. As a physician, he must respect the patient’s autonomy. For a patient to be an autonomous agent, he must have legitimate moral values. The patient has all the rights to his medical health and conditions that arise. When considering informed consent, the patient must be aware and should be able to give a voluntary consent for the treatment and testing without being coerced, even if coercion is very little. Being coerced into giving consent is not voluntary because others people’s opinions account for part of his decision. Prisoners and the poor population are two areas where coercion is found the most when giving consent. Terminally ill patients also give consent in hope of recovering from their illness. Although the possibilities are slim of having a successful recovery, they proceed with the research with the expectation of having a positive outcome. As stated by Raab, “informed consent process flows naturally from the ‘partnership’ between physician and patient” (Raab). Despite the fact that informed consent is supposed to educate the patients, it is now more of an avoidance of liability for physicians (Raab). Although the physician provides adequate information to his patient, how can he ensure that his patient properly ...
Let us take a look at the most important factor that determines the health of our adult relationships; that is infant attachment. From the time that an infant is born, those around him influence the way a child will act or react in any given relationship. It provides a firm foundation upon which all other relationships grow. The idea is that the success of all relationships is dependent upon the success of the first one, namely, of the bond between the infant and his mother or primary caregiver (Brodie, 2008).
As a married couple they have made the adjustments required for the pregnancy, and involved extended family as a means of support within their family unit. There have been difficulties within the marriage, and the family continues to make adjustments. As parents, the Latcheries have provided a strong and supportive environment within the family unit for the child. However, the demanding roles of spouse and parent are not balanced. At present,
She had me wrapped around her tiny finger from the moment I laid eyes on my little girl. She had ten fingers and ten toes, and the most beautiful head of curls in the world. And I knew that I would do anything for her. But I never knew what all that would entail. This happens to many new parents as they transition into being a parent. Fathers, and mothers, are told what to expect when a baby comes into the household, but they are never fully prepared for what happens after the pregnancy and birth. “At the moment a baby is born; so is a new parent” (Levine et al., 2011, p.181). And being a new parent brings along the realization of all that you have to do, and all you have to go through, for your baby. The transition to fatherhood usually includes the identifiers of, according to Fox (2001), the helper and the provider. Each of these roles involves the ups, such as excitement, delight, and maturity (Chin, R. et al., 2011). Then there are the downs, such as stress, exhaustion, and a feeling of helplessness (Chin, R. et al., 2011).
Wallace, P. M., & Gotlib, I. H. (1990). Marital adjustment during the transition to parenthood: Stability and predictors of change. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, 21-29. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/352834
There are many different areas to consider when preparing for and having a newborn. Whether the pregnancy was planned or unplanned or the couple is married or not, a newborn baby brings new responsibilities. Having a baby also forces people to make adjustments both financially and within the family. Parents also express concerns and expectations when having a newborn comma especially when it is their first; including what roles each parent and family member should play, how much confidence they have in their parenting skills, and how much financial strain would be placed on the family once the newborn has arrived. The newest issue in today’s society is the fact that many women are delaying childbirth and having more children in their later years of life.
The writer chose to research Mercer’s Theory of Maternal Role Attainment because she is of child-bearing age and will begin a family with her husband within the next five years. The writer believes that the “nurture” process and how a person is socialized within their environment, especially their family, may determine largely how well developed (physically, spiritually, socially, and emotionally) a person will become. By having a greater understanding of Mercer’s Maternal Role Attainment Theory, the writer may have an increased capacity to create healthy relationships with the individuals in her family, especially with her children.
In today’s society many grow up in a single parent household and it may effect some different than other’s. For instance you can look at the percentage of race and how it affects each. For one can look at a black family and see the effects it has on them. Black families are in the high percentage range of growing up in a single parent home. The outcome has little effect on than that of a white family. Not all black families are single parent homes, but the ones that are may be due to parent killed, in prison, or just do not know who their father’s. To compare to a white family growing up in a single parent house can have a higher effect. White families may experience being in a single parent household due to parents getting divorced or death.
As we know, the family life cycle refers to different stages of person’s life from childhood to retirement. In each stage, people face challenges in the family life that allow them to build or gain new skills. No one can pass through those stages smoothly and without concerns with financially problems, disease and issues from family members. Rather, the lifespan cycle means people development process from prenatal to late adulthood. The similarities are both of them had physical and mental development, also meet the different challenges in the different stages. What is more, I believe that family members are indispensable element could affect people life, whatever in the family life cycle or the lifespan cycle.
Children are supposed to be the pride and joy of an adult’s life. When someone’s child is born, the love that is shared between the parents and child is unbreakable; the bond is impenetrable. Nearly everyone, one day would desire to become a parent. Moreover, when that day comes and the little one enters the world, the child is the most important thing in their parents’ lives. Parents cherish the simple precious moments with their son or daughter, which is imbedded in their memory forever. For instance, the first time one holds their baby, or the first time steps are taken, the first time the child smiles, the first time the little one utters the words mamma or dada, or says’ I love you. There are no words to express the feelings one possesses
Everyone seems to define family differently, however, the significance of family is the same. For you, family means everything. You can always count on your parents and siblings for help and love. Family is very valuable and important to you and should never be taken for granted. No one can deny that family is the foundation of our generation. A family is where we all start our life journey and helps us grow to be successful throughout our lives.
The family life cycle goes through stages that is important to the development and growth in the cycle. The family cycle experiences independence, intimacy, marriage, parenting, the empty nest syndrome and the retirement stage. The family life cycle in some families is not always easy or runs smoothly; however, in each stage there will be challenges. These challenges allow the family to develop new skills and gain deeper perspectives that will help them to work through all the changes the family will go through.
There are so many different types of family relationships. Whatever form a family takes; it is an important part of everyone’s life. My family has played an important role in my life. Good family relationships serve as a foundation to interactions with others. Supportive families will help children to thrive. The quality of the family relationship is more important than the size of the family. Making the relationships priority, communication, and providing support for one another is key to developing relationships. Family relationships are what make up our world today; they shape the ways that we see things and the ways that we do things.