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Strategies of reducing crime
Sociological theories of crime causation
Approaches in crime prevention
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Recommended: Strategies of reducing crime
Whether you’re watching the news, going for a walk, or even cashing your weekly check at the bank, crime is potentially everywhere and could happen to anyone. Despite some areas being more crime prone than others, incentives are one of the many common reasons crime is initiated in situations, as well as constraints that prevent crime from happenings. A general theory of crime includes the motivations and controls of crime, which the five domains of life impact each and every one of these decisions on a daily basis.
A variety of factors hold particular individuals back from participating in criminal activities that may affect their future, whether or not it is noticed at that time. External control is one of those factors, most commonly influenced
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This simple decision could easily refrain someone from engaging in delinquency. On the other hand, when the “opportunity for crime” is present, delinquent behavior may become more prominent, due to the reoccurring impulsive ways of the individual (Tittle, 1995). Internal control is another important reason people may not participate in crime because of their personal beliefs, morals, and learned behaviors (Agnew, 2001). Unfortunately, some children do not have that emotional support growing up. Therefore the significance of learning the concept of self-control is not fixated on enough, resulting in poor decision making when temptation is present (Agnew, 2001). In addition, when an individual has the potential to lose something that is important to them, they may question if engaging in criminal activity is worth it (Agnew, 2001). However, if an individual has nothing to lose, is poorly educated, and has no moral support, then they have a higher chance of participating in crime (Agnew, 2001). There are two main motivations as to why crimes occur; individuals are pressured into crime or they’re tempted with a reward of some sort (Reckless, 1961). In some circumstances, parents unintentionally teach their children to engage in crime as well as being taught beliefs that support …show more content…
At every life stage, there are common factors that heavily affect the motivations and restraints, therefore explaining their importance. The idea of bonding with others such as parents and peers, fulfill the emotional need that each of us desire, especially at a young age (Agnew, 2001). Unfortunately, many criminals do not have strong bonds with those who matter most to them (Agnew, 2001). Also, the lack of goals set for both education and employment are similar between the life domains, due to delinquents not caring about their future (Agnew, 2002). It’s essential to understand that all five life domains each play a role in the general theory of crime, creating an inseparable bond that contributes to the incentives and consequences of
The self-control theory suggested that people engaged in criminal behaviors as they believed that crime was an advisable way of fulfilling their self-interest, which provided them a sense of pleasure immediately. Everyone has different ability to control their impulses for instant satisfaction, the ability mainly developed before puberty and relatively stable over the life span. The probability for engaging in criminal behaviors was greater in people with low self-control than those with high self-control. Moreover, the self-control theory suggested that the relationship between self-control and the involvement in criminal behaviors was less affected by factors like peer influences or cultural influences (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). Therefore, self-control theory is totally different from differential association theory. According to Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990), the major cause of children with low self-control may be inefficient parenting. Parents should monitor their children, keep the children under surveillance, and actively react to improper behaviors. They should be able to recognize when deviance occurs, then punished and disapproved that misbehaviors. If the parents failed to do so, children with low self-control may be produced and thus the children may have a greater likelihood to commit in
Plenty of children engage in rough-and-tough play and may be a little mischievous from time to time. As they grow into adolescence, they may start committing crimes and get in trouble with the law, but most of these individuals outgrow their behavior and stop offending. What makes individuals persist or desist from crime? What are the key causal factors and mechanisms that help this behavior desist? An in-depth synthesis of John Laub and Robert Sampson’s theory of age-graded informal social control will provide insight as to why individuals desist from offending.
Sampson, R., & Laub, J. (1990). Crime and Deviance over the Life course: the salience of adult social bonds. American Sociological Review, 55(5), 609-627.
In addition to biological and psychological elements, there are the social factors that can influence people to engage in criminal activity. As a matter of fact, social and economic pressures play a major role in the cause of crime, since people are more likely to break the law when they have nothing else to lose. Therefore, the biological, psychological, and social factors should all be considered when trying to establish a reason for every crime. Word Count = 1,378
Ngo, F. , Paternoster, R. , Cullen, F. , & Mackenzie, D. (2011). Life domains and crime: A test of agnew's general theory of crime and delinquency. Journal of Criminal Justice, 39(4), 302.
High crime rates are an ongoing issue through the United States, however the motivation and the cause of crime has yet to be entirely identified. Ronald Akers would say that criminality is a behavior that is learned based on what an individual sees and observes others doing. When an individual commits a crime, he or she is acting on impulse based on actions that they have seen others engage in. Initially during childhood, individuals learn actions and behavior by watching and listening to others, and out of impulse they mimic the behavior that is observed. Theorist Ronald Akers extended Sutherland’s differential association theory with a modern viewpoint known as the social learning theory. The social learning theory states that individuals commit crime through their association with or exposure to others. According to Akers, people learn how to be offenders based on their observations around them and their association with peers. Theorist Akers states that for one, “people can become involved in crime through imitation—that is by modeling criminal conduct. Second, and most significant, Akers contended that definition and imitation are most instrumental in determining initial forays into crime” (Lilly, Cullen, and Ball 2011:57). Although Akers’ theory has been linked to juvenile delinquency in the past, it has also been tested as a possible cause of crime overall. Individuals learn from observation that criminal behavior is justifiable in certain circumstances. In connection with juvenile delinquency and crime, peers and intimate groups have the most effect on individuals when associated with criminal behavior. One is more likely to mimic the behavior of someone who they have close ties with, whether the behavior is justifiable or...
While this may help adults desist from crime, it may not be as effective in helping juveniles. Most delinquency occurs during young adulthood and then the individual ages out of crime. When looking at juvenile desistance other explanations exist as to why some juveniles continue a life of crime and others desist. One idea places responsibility on the ability to make conscious decisions. A study, by Haigh, of desistance among juveniles and their transitional period to a law abiding life suggest that most juvenile offenders simply make the decision to stop committing crime. Haigh conducted the study using one on one interviews in order to capture the former offender’s interpretation as to why they stopped committing crime. Through the interviews she found that most juveniles held this preconceived idea that they had to commit crime based on where they lived. Crime was a part of a regular daily routine for many. Participants state things such as, “you have to do crime, if you don’t you get stomped on” or “we didn’t think it as dangerous, we got off on the buzz of doing it” (Haigh, 2009). Some did not have reasons as to why they made the decision to stop committing crime. Others stated that they wanted to stop committing crime because of new found relationships, making their parents happy, or from fear of being sent to jail. For this set of juveniles in the study it can be said that as they
Crime exists everywhere. It is exists in our country, in the big cities, the small towns, schools, and even in homes. Crime is defined as “any action that is a violation of law”. These violations may be pending, but in order to at least lower the crime rate, an understanding of why the crimes are committed must first be sought. There are many theories that are able to explain crimes, but three very important ones are rational choice theory, social disorganization theory and strain theory.
Within the past decade there has been a wide range of research and evidence available based on both sides of the nature or nurture debate. Along with further research that identifies a number of determinants that have some form of influence towards criminal behavior and activity. This researc...
...ulture and beliefs. Another reason one might commit a crime, is when people fail to achieve society’s expectations through legal means such as hard work and delayed gratification, they may attempt to achieve success through crime. People also develop motivation and the skills to commit crime through the people they associate with. Some criminals commit crimes because of the controls that society places on a person through institutions such as schools, workplaces, churches, and families. Sometimes there are occasions where a persons actions goes against what society considers normal, and as a result it is instead considered a crime. Also some criminals continue their criminal acts because they have been shunned by their society because once a person is labeled a criminal, society takes away their opportunities, which in most cases leads to more criminal behavior.
In today’s society, one will find that there are many different factors that go into the development of a criminal mind, and it is impossible to single out one particular cause of criminal behavior. Criminal behavior often stems from both biological and environmental factors. In many cases criminals share similar physical traits which the general population do not usually have. For example criminals have smaller brains than properly adjusted individuals. However biological reasons cannot solely be the cause of criminal behavior. Therefore, one must look to other sources as to how a criminal mind is developed. Social and environmental factors also are at fault for developing a person to the point at which they are lead to committing a criminal act. Often, someone who has committed a violent crime shows evidence of a poorly developed childhood, or the unsuitable current conditions in which the subject lives. In addition if one studies victimology which is the role that the victim plays in the crime, it is apparent that there are many different causes for criminal behavior. Through the examination of biological factors, in addition to the social and environmental factors which make up a criminal mind, one can conclude that a criminal often is born with traits common to those of criminals, it is the environment that exist around them that brings out the criminal within them to commit indecent acts of crime.
Psychologists have accurately depicted the reasons why a person will commit crime and has learned the major influential reason for this is because of demographics. The majority of people who commit criminal behaviour are the ones at the bottom of the societal gap (Katyal, 2002). Criminal behaviour is commonly a learned behaviour, which a person develops through interactions with other people (Brown et al., 2017). This is why demographics have such a large impact on a person. The impact the criminal justice system has when treating a deviant individual can either deter or reinforce a person’s criminal behaviour.
Education may develop enough social skills to deter people from engaging in crime, especially murder. The school stresses many behaviors that are not very useful in the criminal world including, treating others with respect and striving to be a good citizen. Education also gives people a future-driven look on life, which will cause them to contemplate the consequences of criminal activity more. A future-driven individual is more patient and less likely to take the risk associated with criminal activity (Lochner 1-5). Therefore, lack of education means murderer lost the chance to succeed in life, as well as understand and change their mind before doing
Different schools of thought propose varying theoretical models of criminality. It is agreeable that criminal behaviour is deep rooted in societies and screams for attention. Biological, Social ecological and psychological model theories are key to helping researchers gain deeper comprehension of criminal behaviour and ways to avert them before they become a menace to society. All these theories put forward a multitude of factors on the outlooks on crime. All these theories have valid relevancy to continuous research on criminal behaviour.
There are many theories that attempt to explain the phenomenon of juvenile delinquency and the factors that cause it. There is, and has been, a great amount of young people who engage in delinquent behavior throughout the nation and worldwide. What exactly is the catalyst that incites these young people to commit crime and stray from the ethical norm established in society? Are all youth susceptible to the temptation of deviant behavior or is it just some? Theories suggest different possible etiologies, which include: social factors, biological factors, psychological factors and physiological factors, among other things that may mold a child into a juvenile delinquent.