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Patient participation essay
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ethics can assist in the development of concordant medicines-taking
behavior in Dave Jones.
Dave Jones is a 42-year old homeless man, who struggles with an alcohol
addiction and epilepsy. This essay will explain how an understanding of some
psycho-social theories and professional ethics such as patient consent and
confidentiality can assist in the development of Dave medicines-taking
behavior. There are some different theories of health behaviors have been
suggested to illustrate the relationship between thoughts, beliefs and healthy
and risky behavior. For example, the biomedical model of health that
considers the health conditions problems
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are mainly due to the biological factors and the patient should follow doctor's instructions. However, one critique of this model of health is that, it ignores some other factors such as psychological and social factors which are evenly important in health and illness. On the other hand, according to Engle (1977), the biopsychosocial model of health is set of psychological, social and biological factors that play an important role in health and illness.
This model of health includes Health
Belief Model, planned behavior theory, and social and cognitive theory.
Therefore, the most appropriate approach to deal with Dave Jones case is the
biopsychosocial model. There are some merits of this model one of them is
the relationship between the patient and health professionals such as
pharmacist will be enhanced. Furthermore, applying this model to Dave case
will encourage him to participate in modifying his perceptions and beliefs
about health and illness, subsequently improves his health outcomes. The
relationship between health beliefs and perceptions, adherence to medication
and health outcomes will be discussed. Finally, this essay will demonstrate
how Health Belief Model and planned behavior theory can be used to explain
some health Behaviors involved with adherence to medication.
Health Belief Model is one of the common developed theories regarding
health behavior, it can be used to illustrate why some people may or may not
adhere to their prescribed medications. According to Rosenstock (1974), the
likelihood of compliance to health advice and taking medicines is related
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to the patient's perceptions and beliefs about the illness. Unhealthy behaviors such as alcohol addiction as in Dave case and smoking are influenced by patient thoughts and beliefs. For example, in Dave case we can find that he has misperception about his problems and their consequences. Dave believes all his health conditions due to the ''bad stuff'' he has done in the past and this is his fate and he is unable to change them. Due to of these misconceptions, his health outcomes became worse. He has epilepsy due to high intake of alcohol and entered four times to the hospital in the last six months. Rotter (1954) describes the locus of control and how individual's behaviors and attitudes can affect the health outcomes. For example, Dave has external locus of control, he believes there are external forces responsible for his problems and their outcomes. In addition, he thinks this is his fate and he does not have ability to change it. Therefore, he is less concerns and does not perceive his health conditions to be more serious. This is could be because the misconceptions and beliefs about his health conditions. As a health professional we can help Dave to correct these perceptions and beliefs, thus promote healthy behaviors. For example, try to make him know he is responsible for his behaviors and their outcomes and he has ability to change and control them. Furthermore, providing enough information about the damaging effects of unhealthy behaviors and they are not good for him. There is another theory which is used to assist us to understand the link between behavior and attitudes. This theory is called theory of planned behavior. It demonstrates how a personal behavior is controlled by a person's beliefs as in Dave case. Furthermore, this theory can be used to change Dave unhealthy behaviors such as alcohol addiction and smoking, thus reduce the implications. However, there are some limitations of this theory for example, some individuals do not have positive attitudes about their illness as in Dave case. In addition, because he is divorced and lives in a hostel, Dave might be lacks encouragement and motivations from his family to modify his unhealthy behaviors.
There are some ethical issues arising from this case study such as patient
consent and confidentiality. According to General Pharmaceutical Council
(2012), the pharmacy professional has ethical and legal duty to obtain
patient consent for the services they are provided. Anna as a summer work
placement, not allowed for her to access Dave confidential information
such as his medications, medical history and treatment or any other
information on the computer system before Dave consent is taken.
Although, this action is considered breach of the law, but also can makes
Dave lose trust with pharmacist and may be makes him less to seek advice.
She may be needed to understand these ethical issues and how they are
very important to build strong relationship between patient and health
professionals and consequently, improve the adherence behavior.
From the above paragraphs we can find that how an understanding of
psychosocial theories and professional ethics such as consent and
confidentiality can assist in the development of Dave medicines- taking
behavior. Horne (2006), defines adherence as '' the extent to which
the patient behavior matches agreed recommendations. Dave is a poor adherence to his medications, he often forgets to take them and sometimes loses the tablets. This could be because his misperceptions and beliefs about his health conditions. Homeless and lack of social support could be another reason why Dave non- adherent to his medications. NICE (2009) suggests some recommendations to improve non- adherent behavior. One of them is understanding Dave knowledge, beliefs, perceptions and concerns about his medication and conditions can help health professional to enhance non- adherence behavior. In conclusion, this essay has discussed some models of health behaviors such as the biomedical and biopsychosocial models and how they can be applied in the assessment of Dave case. The biomedical model focuses and enable the practitioner to treat the illness and disease without considering psychological and social factors which are equally important as biological factors. While, biopsychosocial model focuses on the comprehensive care of the patient. Furthermore, this essay has explained some theories that can be used to change unhealthy behaviors such as Health Belief Model and planned behavior theory. In addition, some suggested recommendations to improve Dave medicines- taking behavior for example, providing adequate information about health conditions and concerns have been discussed. Finally, this essay has explained how an understating of professional ethics such as consent and confidentiality can assist in the development of concordant medicines- taking behavior in Dave Jones case. References: 1-Engel, G (1977). The need of a new medical model: A Challenge of biomedicines. Science. 196: 129-136. 2- General Pharmaceutical Council (2012). Standers of Conduct, Ethics and Performance. [Online]. Available from: http://www.pharmacyregulation.org [Accessed 22 December 2017]. 3- Horne, R (1999). The beliefs about medicines questionnaire: The development and evaluation of a new method for assessing the cognitive representation of medication. Psychol. Health, 14: 1-24. 4- NICE (2009). Clinical guidelines 76: Medicines adherence. NICE. London. 5- Rosenstock, IM (1974). Historical Origins of Health Belief Model. Health Education and Behavior, 2. 328-335. 6- Rotter, J.B(1954). Social Learning and Clinical Psychology. New York: Prentice-Hall.
Which of the six principles in the AICPA Code of Conduct is most related to Article 1.5 of the California Accountancy Act? Explain your conclusion.
DiClemente, R. J., Salazar, L. F., & Crosby, R. A. (2013). Health Behavior Theory for Public Health: Principles, Foundations, and Applications. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning
The accounting system misallocated motors from the asset manufacturing equipment to inventory. There are issues of honesty, responsibility, and professional ethics.
When a patient’s/family’s religious beliefs go against recommended medical treatment, it brings up an ethical issue. If the patient is a minor, this makes the case even more complex. In such a case, the parents would need to be evaluated to see if they were properly representing their child’s best interest. Depending on the child’s age, the child would need to be consulted to see if he/she meets the criteria of having the capacity to make his/her own medical decisions. Finally, the physician needs to be consulted to determine what his/her beliefs are on the case and under what circumstances would he be willing to perform the surgery.
It indicated that people will carry out a health-related action if they have the perception
Abortion has been a political, social, and personal topic for many years now. The woman’s right to choose has become a law that is still debated, argued and fought over, even though it has been passed. This paper will examine a specific example where abortion is encouraged, identify the Christian world views beliefs and resolution as well as the consequences of such, and compare them with another option.
A of his current state of health and lifestyle behaviours (Harris, Nutbeam, Wise, 2004). For example, the model explores 6 behavioural stages; pre-contemplation, contemplation, determination, action, maintenance and termination. These stages focus on the individual’s experience, behavioural changes and processes as opposed to an event which has determined a behaviour change. Evidently, the transtheoretical model determines that Mr. A is at the pre-contemplation stage (Prochaska & Velicer, 1997). Due to Mr. A experiencing this stage, he is not planning change to his current lifestyle choices. Although Mr. A is not planning changes in the foreseeable future, the transtheoretical model in conjunction with an education campaign can inform Mr. A about different behavioural stages that he may experience. However, understanding this behaviour change model of health cannot determine why Mr. A’s his current lifestyle and behaviour (Prochaska & Velicer, 1997). Fortunately, inclusion of maslow’s hierarchy of needs psychology theory (Donovan, Egger, Spark, 2005) used in conjunction with the transtheoretical model of health, can identify barriers that are stopping Mr A from actively using information from health education campaigns to change his behaviour (Harris, Nutbeam, Wise,
Human behavior is a vital component in the sustainment of health and the prevention of illness. For some decades now there has been an increasing attention to the contribution of psychological and social components to improving and changing health. Health specialists have used the help of models of behavior change in order to reduce health risks. Through all these years psychosocial models have been a leading influence in predicting and explaining health behaviors. The most accustomed are the social cognition models. A central principle of social cognition is that people’s social behavior is comprehended by examining their perceptions about their own behaviour
Glanz, K., Rimer, B.K., Lewis, F.M. (2002). Health behavior and health education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass
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2. Glanz, Karen (2008). Health Behavior and Health Education, 4th Edition; San Fransisco, Ca, John Wiley and Sons INC
Human nature and behavior are forms of development. There are key factors that account for changes in behavior such as, physical, social, and intellectual. Physical factors are associated with an individual’s health and well being. For instance, if an individual has been infected by a disease or mental disorder their behavior will change. A person that suffers from d...
Many ethical dilemmas are philosophical in nature, an ethical issue can be described as a problem with no clear resolution. In order to solve the issue or dilemma a consensus between the parties involved must be reached. There are several reasons to come to an agreement over an ethical dilemma, it is the basis for all aspects of personal and professional dealings. Each one of us is part of a civilized society and as such it is our responsibility to be rational, honest and loyal in our dealings with others. (Alakavuklar, 2012) states that individuals make decisions for different situations in business life involving various ethical dilemmas. Each time either consciously or unconsciously individuals may follow some ethical approaches
Everyone in this world has experienced an ethical dilemma in different situations and this may arise between one or more individuals. Ethical dilemma is a situation where people have to make complex decisions and are influenced based on personal interest, social environment or norms, and religious beliefs (“Strategic Leadership”, n.d.). The leaders and managers in the company should set guidelines to ensure employees are aware and have a better chance to solve and make ethical decisions. Employees are also responsible in understanding their ethical obligations in order to maintain a positive work environment. The purpose of this case study is to identify the dilemma and analyze different decisions to find ways on how a person should act
As the result of a colleague’s sudden serious illness, a clinical psychologist is asked to teach a physiological psychology course, which is definitely outside his area of expertise. The course begins in one week. The department chair recognizes that the psychologist is not competent is this area, but he is as qualified as anyone else in the department and is the only person whose schedule can accommodate the course. The course is required for graduation, and several seniors will not graduate at the end of the semester if they do not take the course now.