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Public health origins 19th century
Essay on public health issues 19th century
Public health during the 19th century essay
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¬¬¬The sanitary era is one of the main movements responsible for proactive commitment of public health (Hamilin & Sheard, 1998). Numerous problems existed prior to the implementation of public health practices, such as clean water, proper sewage and waste disposal, and proper animal carcass removal. It became clear to a few members of the public health community that changes needed to be made for the betterment of the lives of those living in the late 1800s. The changes made required time to implement and people who believed that many were suffering and dying from preventable diseases. Most of the sanitary era movement took place within England and the United States during the nineteenth century. Within the sanitary era, there began to …show more content…
One lesson to be learned through the sanitary era is that it is remain persistent in the desire for change in public health reform and policy. Realizing that change, particularly when it affects a great number of people, may take time, and will require a great amount of evidence before it is considered just, calls for adjusting to the affected population. In addition, we live in an age where access to most information is not difficult to obtain. In the nineteenth century, Chadwick and Snow could perform studies and suggest changes directly to those in charge with little awareness on the part of the public. Today, many public health policies that are sought to be implemented are made aware to the public, and as such, an opinion is formed soon after a change is encouraged by attempting to encourage a development in public health. In short, the sanitary era can teach present-day public health that what may be seen as an obvious source of preventable disease may not be seen that way to the general public, and keeping in mind to have patience in the attempt to develop new policies and variations in the perceived normal lifestyle of the everyday
The book, The Ghost Map, tells the story of the cholera outbreak that took place in England during the medieval era. During this time, London became popular, causing it to become one of the most populous urban cities in England. However, it suffered from overcrowding, a large lower class, and little health regulations. As a result, living conditions and water supply were not the cleanest, and many died from the disease cholera. Though this epidemic led to many deaths/illnesses during it’s time, it has proven to be helpful and important to public health today. Some public health advancements that have occurred as a result include healthier, cleaner, and longer lives lived.
This book follows an esteemed doctor and a local clergyman who, together, are the heart of an investigation to solve the mystery of the cholera epidemic. In 1854 London was ravaged by a terrible outbreak of cholera, where within the span of mere weeks over five hundred people in the Soho district died. London, at the time, was a city of around two and a half million people, all crammed into a small area with no system for sewage removal. With overflowing cesspools, improper drainage of all the human and animal waste, and no system for guaranteed clean water, the people of London were in a bad state. They were essentially dumping all of their feces into their drinking water supply, a perfect environment for cholera to thrive.
In his essay, “Health is Membership”, it is stated that professionals in the health industry ignore standard health practices. As an example, tobacco use is regulated by the government but the use of antibiotics and other chemicals in meat production is still a common practice in
...the poor were supposed to be upgraded by industrial innovations; but, on the other hand, company waste and inadequate working conditions, exploitation, took a severe toll on the very people this revolution was supposed to help. The mass presence of disease was due to the degradation of society. Poor conditions of various institutions, a side effect of the revolution, presented a dangerous risk of exposure for lower, working class families. Tuberculosis and typhus fever were painful, contagious, and long-lasting epidemics that killed people of all classes. Naturally, the lower classes suffered the most. The upper classes reaped the financial benefits from this new urban society, while the working classes were subjected to filthy, disease-ridden atmosphere. The impoverished have always been the disadvantaged, but in 19th century England, they paid with their lives.
While poor drainage and waste disposal procedures can be seen as a direct result of fever and epidemic; it is important first to look at the dietary practices of the working classes which would greatly contribute to their squalid living conditions.
“The 1910 Report of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching… further heightened expectations for substantial improvements in the quality of medical care and in the general health of the population” ( Winkelstein, Jr., 2009, p. 44). Issues such as major medical care problems and public safety existed in US cities after industrialization. The emerging progressive era would work to correct sanitation and medical system issues which lead to the US improving conditions. Most of the U.S. population would not acknowledge that there were any problems and these institutions would try to exclude certain people from having access to any health programs. In the Progressive era issues in the healthcare and sanitation systems were improved
Beneson, Abram. Control of Communicable Diseases in Man. New York: The American Public Health Association, 1970.
By definition, public health has been defined as the science involved in the process of protecting and improving the health of different families as well as that of different communities via healthy lifestyles promotions, disease researches, and the prevention of diseases, as well as the detection and control of infectious diseases. Generally, public health is greatly concerned with the process of and the mandate of taking care of the whole population without any discrimination that may be as small as the local neighborhood or as large as the whole nation. As people in the society are protected against several infections by the health professionals, they also try their best to prevent different problems from happening by implementing different policies, educational programs, as well as carrying out the appropriate research for the communities.
The implementation of the “Clean and Green” campaigns in Singapore since 1965 reveals how important a role sanitation, hygiene and cleanliness plays in the development of a nation. Indeed, sanitation and public health have been major concerns for governments and ruling authorities throughout the course of history, as maintaining a sanitary city meant that disease could be managed and populations could be kept healthy and productive. The obsession over filth, cleanliness and sanitation is perhaps best exemplified through colonial medical practice, as colonial governments sought to fashion their colonies into a desired mould through the imposition of western sanitary science and colonial conceptualizations of cleanliness and hygiene. Indeed, I argue that sanitation takes on a significant political agenda in the colonies – one where colonial powers govern and wield influence over their colonial subjects through Foucault’s “biopolitics”. As Michaels and Wulf asserts, “the state has come to represent power over biological life and power over the body, an authority that controls the population, establishing law and order through the knowledge and practices of public sanitation”. This is the lens through which this essay will be viewing sanitation – as a tool of governance that serves to consolidate political agenda and legitimacy, and that explains why the domain of sanitation became such a critical part of colonial medical practice, and has lasting implications for politics even up till today.
Progressivism helped the health and sanitation of cities. The first site of this was the Meat Inspection Act of 1906. This was a system of government inspection for meat products. Inspectors graded the meat by its quality. The government did this because there wa hazards surround the meet. The meat was kept on the floor for rats and was spit on and not taken care of which led to many illnesses and deaths in the United States. Another way
Public health policy is the intertwining of health and policy which impacts the general population (Porche, 2012). The legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government can make administrative decisions that can impact the actions, behaviors, or resources in a community. The impact of the administrative decisions can affect the health of a population (Porche, 2012). If the overall health of a population is poor then the effect is not only felt by the people themselves but can also impact the government (Ungvarsky, 2017). Therefore, the health of citizens is important to government entities. Most governments have set up public health policies to maintain and improve public health. A controversial public health policy is the mandatory vaccination of children. This paper will provide an analysis of this ethical issue, along with evaluating the ethical dimensions of mandatory vaccination. Lastly, justification will be provided for the importance of this public
According to Mary, & Melanie, (2015) Nancy Millio gives six aspects that link the ability of society to give approachable and socially accepted health decisions to an individual expertise to improve their healthy actions. According to her, the available health choices are important in shaping a societies general health status. Individual's health choices are influenced by decisions of governments and private organizations. National based policy on health is the best ways to influence citizen's health rather than focusing on giving information that is aimed at changing individual's behavioral
The issue of Global sanitation, specifically when pertaining to plumbing systems and access to proper toilets, is of primary concern amongst health experts and more recently, governments of developing nations, such as Indonesia and less developed areas of India. With limited sanitation networks, poor public health initiatives have negatively impacted economies, the standard of living within societies, the general health of populations, and death rates from preventable diseases due to feces-infected water supplies. Problems such as these were thought to have been dealt with during the 19th century era of industrialization, however developing nations are just beginning to industrialize and undergo urbanization. Observable parallels between modern
Public Health is the science of preventing disease and promoting health through many different ideas and functions by informing society and different community-based organizations. The idea behind Public Health is to protect and serve; it helps improve the lives of countless individuals through promoting a healthier lifestyle, education, research, prevention, detection, and response management. From the beginning, the idea of Public Health has become a stepping-stone that is essential to the longevity of humans and the environment. As society progresses and new advents are created or modified, Public Health
In those days, the emergence of an epidemic always proved to be “Pandora’s Box” to the whole locality. At that time, the average life span was thirty to forty years. Some common diseases like chicken pox, measles, typhoid and many different kinds of fevers have killed more than the present American population in the last seven centuries across the planet. On the other hand, if we analyze the ratio of mortality in 1999 in comparison with the past, we would come to know that these diseases couldn’t affect more than some thousands of human lives. As the most descriptive condition of humans, health is a very important factor for us.