When a group or organization needs to conduct research, they can utilize the effectiveness of a well-organized but yet simple questionnaire or scale. This simple approach will help answer many questions that the group or organization is looking to explore. Even though I mentioned simple questionnaire, putting one of these questionnaires or scale together involves using different techniques and approaches to effectively interpret each and every response. The following examples of scales are just a few of the many different ways a group or organization may conduct their marketing research. These examples are the Likert Scale, Semantic Differential Scale, and the Stapel Scale.
I will first talk about the Likert Scale. The Likert Scale is a really popular type of questionnaire that’s used in the educational world. It was developed by Rensis Likert, whom was an educator and a psychologist. Ever since the creation of this scale, there have been many different versions based on the number of points in the scale. The Likert Scale can be four-point, five-point, six-point, and so on. The even-numbered scale mostly makes the respondent choose, whereas the odd-numbered scale provides the option for indecision or neutrality. Having indecisiveness or neutrality can make this type of questionnaire less effective in trying to find a definite answer to your research.
The second type of questionnaire or scale is the Semantic Differential Scale. This type of questionnaire was developed by Charles Osgood in 1957 and it is used to measure the meaning of concepts, opinions and attitudes. This type of scale is a bit unusual as it is formed with paired words that are most of the time their opposites. Since it is considered a bit unusual, this type of s...
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...l Scale, and it can be used as an alternative to the Semantic Differential Scale.
Concluding my research, if I were to choose between a type of questionnaire or scale, I would probably choose to use the Stapel Scale. From what I’ve seen during my research, I have noticed that most of the marketing research being conducted does not use this type of questionnaire. The reason for researchers not choosing this type is because of the instructions and the formatting looking too complex. I think that because of its ability to analyze data just like the Semantic Differential Scale and compute overall attitude scores by summing ratings on individual items makes this more intriguing to me. Having personally taken all of these types of questionnaires in my life, I have always found the Stapel Scale more effective in providing me with a more definite answer to the research.
Both approaches suffer from potential bias; Adorno el al’s. F-scale may have had confirmatory bias, potentially causing a problem in which the interviewers know the results from the participant’s prior questionnaires, and subconsciously steer the results and findings towards a particular goal, causing a self-fulfilling prophecy. Although Altemeyer’s approach may not have involved interviews, the results could have still been biased, as acquiescence response bias could have occurred if the participants have a tendency to agree with statements presented in scales and succumb to social desirability
Social psychology is a scientific study that studies how people think, feel, and how they behave under the influence of other people (Aronson, Wilson & Akert, 2013, p. 2). Thinking about what social influence really means, we tend to think of a person who tries to persuade another person to acting a certain way. It can be a form of peer pressure, like taking that first puff of a cigarette, or it can be conforming to popular societal views, such as obeying the law of the land. Fiction is a great way to learn about social psychological perspectives. Watching popular theatrical films is the perfect way to learn because it illustrates the application of many perceptions within the subject of social psychology.
2. Jung, C.G. & Briggs-Meyers, I. (1998-2017). Jung Typology Test, Humanmetrics Incorporated, Retrieved from http://www.humanmetrics.com/
One notable feature of the Fourth Edition is the change from previous versions of the scale in terms of parallel criteria from the DSM-IV. According to Lindskog (1998), “The authors used both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis with national populations in excess of 4,000 to determine if 'these scales would conform to the bidimensional structure of the diagnostic criteria' (manual, p. 5) for both the Home and School scales, and concluded that the scale items align with both a one- or two-factor (IA, ...
...d for consent to proceed with the study. The participants were given thorough instructions that at any during the survey you can withdrawal your participation in the research, and that this is to benefit research to society. Participation is this survey was voluntary was emphasized. Participants were told that the surveys should take no longer than fifteen minutes and the personal information will remain confidential their results may be shared, but for research purposes only. The questionnaire will have a demographic sheet and a 50 item questionnaire divided into two sections. One part has a four point Likert scale (0= Almost Never, 1=Sometimes, 2= Often, 3 =Almost Always) and the other part is a selection of A or B. It was also reiterated that the participants had the right to withdraw from the research study at any time; there will be no consequences or penalty.
Reja, U., Manfreda, K. L., Hlebec, V., & Vehovar, V. (2003). Open-ended vs closed-ended questions in web questionnaires. Developments in Applied Statistics, 19, 159-177.
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Test, otherwise known as the MBTI test, is a questionnaire intended to measure and evaluates the psychological preferences of individuals in relation to their perception of the world, and generally their decision making ability. This was developed and got form typological theories that were deduced by Cal Gustav Jung. He categorized them into four psychological functions, which each unique individual uses to experience the world. They include feeling, sensation, intuition and thinking (Myers I. B., 1987).
In the vast and detailed world of psychology, there are a variety of different tests you can participate in. For example, you can participate in aptitude, verbal or numerical reasoning, and psychometric tests. These tests assess on a variety of different situations such as: behaviors, abilities and intelligence. Personality tests, a common and favored test, measure things such as: behavioral style, opinions, motivators, personal values and career interests. Most often, people complain or disagree with the score of some areas on their personality test; however, there are no right or wrong answers. After completing this personality test and reviewing the results, I found that the overall scoring accurately described me in most areas. The Big Five Personality test scores in five different areas involving openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism.
The results are analysed and findings used to deduce a pattern in the collected data. Since surveys are easy to distribute through the internet and emails, they are considered whenever researcher seek knowledge about a specific matter. Unlike both interviews and questionnaires, survey can be distributed to a wide-range of potential respondents, which helps researchers to draw comprehensive conclusions from its findings. Nevertheless, surveys are not ideal for collecting in-depth data on a research topic because they are only designed to gather what majority think of something as opposed to collecting detailed rationale for a phenomenon or
Focusing on surveys and questionnaires, and quantitative research methods, it varies on the person getting questioned as to which method they prefer. Some individuals may prefer to fill in a questionnaire, as it is quick and simple for them, whereas someone else would rather have a face-to-face interview because they may find questionnaires to complicated. Giving people the choice gives the more chance of getting a response overall. It is important that the researchers are aware of the advantages and disadvantages because they will then be aware of what method to use, and will know what method is best to use. It is also an advantage to work with experienced researchers in order to find out the best results.
The research carried on both quantitative approach and qualitative approach. It began with quantitative approach—questionnaire. Bryman and Bell (2003) asserted that mail or postal questionnaires are most popular forms of questionnaires. Another form—self-completion questionnaire was also common because of the overlap with postal questionnaire to some extent.
The questionnaire comprised of different sorts of inquiries say Open-ended survey, Close-ended and Multiple-choice questionnaire.
Personality tests tell a person a lot about why a person is who they have become. I believe that these test if taken truthfully can identify deficiencies that individuals can work on to benefit not only themselves but others in the organizations that they work in. Some models state that it is in human nature and chemicals that decided how a person acts but I believe it is based on life experiences and a personality can change as long as a person knows the deficiencies and works to change them.
There are many types of diverse people classified under various categories. Some people have different types of personalities. They could be classified as extremely manipulative, others as impulsive, and some may not show anything on the outside and have wonderful social skills. These categories help in the understanding of humans. This study is called Psychology and there are many different subfields in this diverse study of the people around us. One subfield that is particularly interesting is personality psychology. Personality psychology is a branch of psychology that studies personality and its variation between individuals.
The relationship between personality and behavior. Does our personality cause the behavior to stay calm or go on a rampage? People all over the world have different types of disorders and a certain disorder is called a personality disorder. Arguments from researchers have been made whether or not with someone who has a personality disorder has anger problems and is a danger to others (Davison, 2012). Behavioral problems come from social-cultural influences such as presence of others, the media and peer influences (Myers, 2014).