1. Introduction
From the beginning stages, the Internet was built through the idea of fulfilling peer-to-peer communication across large distances. Throughout the last decade, Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networking has grown to become worthwhile for use in business models and Internet applications. Studies performed by multiple major Internet Service Providers found that the amount of P2P traffic throughout the Internet is often higher than 50 percent [1]. The high usage is unsurprising, as P2P allows for a combination of the resources available on the computers of each connected user, as opposed to a client/server model where the users rely on the special servers to provide the resources. By presenting each user within the network as both a client and a server, P2P networking allows for applications and services to provide benefits such as real-time distributed processing, communication, collaboration, and content distribution.
2. Peer-to-Peer Network Definition
A P2P network can be defined as a network filled with autonomous peers that is completely decentralized and self-organized regarding resource distribution. The users within the peer-to-peer network form a virtual network that is independent of the actual physical network [1]. The aspects resource distribution and self-organization are key to a P2P network. As such, they are discussed in more detail below:
2.1. Resource Distribution
Within a P2P networking system, the resources to be shared throughout the network are equally distributed without providing unfair advantages for any peer. Each peer is interconnected through the formed virtual network and typically are dynamically given a new Internet address whenever connecting to the network [1, 2]. Due to this, P2P systems a...
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...music. Napster worked through the use of a main server hosted by Napster that contained a central repository. Users would connect to this main server to search for a desired MP3 file and the server would search the server database for a different user in possession of that file. Once a user with the file was found, the two users would become directly connected and the file could be downloaded. Due to the use of this central server, Napster could be considered a type of “brokered” P2P networking, as the two peers only connect after Napster resolved the IP addresses between the two PCs [4]. Regardless of the moral or legal issues surrounding Napster, it is irrefutable that Napster was instrumental in how peer-to-peer networks work today.
REFERENCES
[5] Oram, A. (Ed.). (2001). Peer-to-peer: Harnessing the Benefits of a Disruptive Technologies. O'Reilly Media, Inc.
According to the text A Gift of Fire, Napster “opened on the Web in 1999 as a service that allowed its users to copy songs in MP3 files from the hard disks of other users” (Baase, 2013, p. 192, Section 4.1.6 Sharing Music: The Napster Case). Napster was, however, “copying and distributing most of the songs they traded without authorization” (A Gift of Fire, Section 4.1.6 Sharing Music: The Napster Case). This unauthorized file sharing resulted in a lawsuit - “eighteen record companies sued for contributory infringement claiming that Napster users were blatantly infringing copyrights by digitally reproducing and distributing music without a license” (Communications Law: Liberties, Restraints and the Modern Media, 2011, p. 359).
Before the 1990’s, if people want to listen to music, they just visit a music store and pick up a CD and then put it into a stereo equipment. However, the development of MP3 file format gradually changed the way people listen to music. This format lets everyone download music easily and it can be converted to CD as well. But, there is still a problem: searching MP3 files on the internet is maddening and people seldom can find the music they want. Therefore, the birth of Napster solved this problem, creating a virtual music community in which music fans could use the Web as a “swap meet” for music files. More importantly, Napster is easy to use and it’s free, which expands the range of audience in age. Bandwidth also contributed to Napster’s success. The greater the bandwidth, the faster the file can be transferred. So, Napster really changed the way people listen to music, discover music and interact with music.
Peer-to-peer (P2P) networks have had a staggering growth in the past few years. Since Napster, dozens of P2P networks have been created in its imitation. Due to the growing accessibility of broadband, which increases the speed of downloads, P2P networks generate nearly 1.8 billion downloads per month. Popularity and acceptance is still continually growing.
Upshaw, D., & Babin, L. A. (2010). Music downloading: Competing against online piracy. International Journal of Business & Public Administration, 7(1), 14-26. Retrieved from EBSCOhost
The story really begins with Napster and its free software that allowed users to swap music across the Internet for free using peer-to-peer networks. While Shawn Fanning was attending Northeastern University in Boston, he wanted an easier method of finding music than by searching IRC or Lycos. John Fanning of Hull, Massachusetts, who is Shawn's uncle, struck an agreement which gave Shawn 30% control of the company, with the rest going to his uncle. Napster began to build an office and executive team in San Mateo, California, in September of 1999. Napster was the first of the massively popular peer-to-peer file sharing systems, although it was not fully peer-to-peer since it used central servers to maintain lists of connected systems and the files they provideddirectories, effectivelywhile actual transactions were conducted directly between machines. Although there were already media which facilitated the sharing of files across the Internet, such as IRC, Hotline, and USENET, Napster specialized exclusively in music in the form of MP3 files and presented a user-friendly interface. The result was a system whose popularity generated an enormous selection of music to download. Napster became the launching pad for the explosive growth of the MP3 format and the proliferation of unlicensed copyrights.
What do P2P, File sharing, and Bit Torrent sites have in common? They all are file sharing websites that you can send and look at files with other billions of people. Peer-to-peer (P2P) computing or networking is a distributed application architecture that partitions tasks or workloads between peers. File sharing is the practice of distributing or providing access to digital media, such as computer programs, multimedia (audio, images and video), documents or electronic books. Bit Torrent is a website used that is kind of like a peer-to-peer file sharing ("P2P") site which is used to distribute data and electronic files over the Internet. Be warned, though because these websites
In this paper I will look at the issue of net neutrality and some of the ramifications of having net neutrality or not having net neutrality. I will first define what net neutrality is and why it has become such an issue in recent years. I will then provide brief arguments for and against net neutrality. I will then discuss why I believe that the argument in favour of net neutrality is the stronger argument and why I agree with it. Internet Neutrality is the idea that if users of internet service providers (ISPs) pay for a certain level of internet service, such as speed of service, than those users should expect access to the internet, without the ISP favouring, blocking or interfering with access to internet sites, product or services.
The first online peer to peer file-sharing application was Napster. Napster allowed people to copy music from their CDs onto their computers in mp3 format. They then allowed other members of Napster to download these songs onto their computers. Once this caught on, millions of people were downloading thousands of songs a day. And as you can imagine, this did not make the record companies happy with the idea that people were getting their music for free instead of buying the CD. It also caused a problem with some of the recording artists. Most notably Metallica.
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With the popularity of the Internet, sales for CDs, DVDs, Movies, and many other products have increased. Along with the increase of sales has brought forth an ever increasing problem of illegal media being downloaded. Programs such as Bittorent, Kazaa, and other direct-connect networking programs have allowed the transferring of such illegal media. Downloading song files from the Internet over a free peer to peer network is the moral equivalent of shoplifting music CDs from the local mall.
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