Nozzles Used in Firefighting Modern day firefighting nozzles can be divided into three main types, smoothbore, fog, and broken stream. For arguments sake this paper will focus on the smoothbore and fog nozzles, as they are the most widely accepted to be used for direct fire attack, as opposed to the broken stream nozzle. Typically both types of nozzles have some type of control valve attached which allows the operator to start, stop or reduce the flow of water to the nozzle discharge. Smoothbore Nozzle The original nozzle used in the fire service was the smooth bore. The nozzle itself is a simple design with no moving parts, typically comprised of cast or machined metal that allows water to take shape as it leaves the opening. The smoothbore …show more content…
Three educational categories of fire behavior as they apply to fire streams are, fire development, thermal layering, and flashover.
Fire Development When the four components of the fire tetrahedron are brought together, ignition occurs. For a fire to grow beyond the first material ignited heat must be transmitted by conduction, convection, or radiation, to additional fuel packages. In the early stages of a fire, heat rises to form a plume of hot gas and products of combustion. Fires in compartments are more complex than those in the open (IFSTA, 2013). In a compartment the plume is affected by the walls and ceiling. As the hot gases rise , they begin to spread outward until they reach the walls. Once the gases reach the walls they are confined and the depth of the gas layer increases from the ceiling towards the floor. If enough fuel and oxygen is available the fire continues to grow, and the overall temperature of the compartment and gas layer increases. The temperatures increase to a point when all combustible materials in the room have reached their own ignition temperatures. Flashover occurs when these materials ignite almost spontaneously. Once ignited and all combustibles in the compartment are burning the fire is said to be fully developed. The fire begins to decay
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The question Dunn poses is, "How long can a firefighter take 1,000ºf to 1,500ºf temperatures." Dunn states that in a room that has just flashed over, and a firefighter, who is five feet inside the doorway at one-half foot per second, he will feel 1,000ºf-1,500ºf temperatures for two seconds. Firefighters who are ten feet inside the room when it flashes over and try to escape will experience 1,000ºf to 1,500ºf for four seconds. According to Dunn the point of no return for firefighters in a room that is flashing over is five feet. Beyond five feet, structural turnouts do not afford enough thermal protection to provide a good chance of survival (Vestal & Bridge,
For the first phenomena, he noted how all combustions involved the formation of fire or light. With that in mind, Lavoisier also observed that this combustion occurs only through dephlogisticated air / pure air. Other airs (e.g. carbon dioxide) act as a fire extinguisher similar to that of water. Another combustion phenomenon he outlined was how the weight of the burnt material directly relates to the amount of air used in the reaction. Moreover, he also described how certain substances turn into acids after it has been burn...
Since the introduction of the fog/combination firefighting nozzle by Dr. Oyston Charles in the 1960 's, the discussion between the traditional smooth bore nozzle vs. fog/combination nozzle for fire attack has been ongoing and heated at times. My research has informed me that the debate between the smooth bore nozzle and fog nozzle has always and will continue to be openly controversial, particularly over the last two decades as the fire service has taken a deeper interest in firefighter safety and accident prevention. To date, my thesis statement is as follows: The benefits of the smooth bore nozzle make it a safer and more effective nozzle for direct fire attack compared to the fog or combination nozzle. This report will examine two sources that contain contrary perspectives to the above thesis statement.
"NFPA 1710: Standard for the Organization and Deployment of Fire Suppression Operations, Emergency Medical Operations, and Special Operations to the Public by Career Fire Departments, 2010 Edition." National Fire Protection Association. N.p., 1 Jan. 2010. Web. .
The rate of application of the agents to control the fire in the most effective time period.
The most pressing issue facing Detroit, in regard to fire, is the steady amount of burning vacant or delipidated buildings, and second to that is the high rate of home fires. For the purposes of this project, the capabilities of
The triangle factory fire was very tragic fire that happened. There were 500 people working. When the fire happened 146 people died in the fire they were 8th floor or above . Daniel Donahue Pulled the fire alarm on the 8th floor and the top floors did not hear the alarm all the bottom floors heard the aram. Everyone in the building was scared and did not know what to do( pg.All the people on the bottom were scared and they never went over the rules and what to do in case there is an fire.The doors were locked, and people were crowded trying to get out. What would you do in the fire if you were on the 9th floor?
Firefighters are more than friends. You can't fight fires with friends. To fight fires you need a brotherhood. The men and women of the fire service across the globe consider each other family, this is one of the grand traditions of the fire department. Firefighters are constantly looking out for one another, thinking about the things they do and how it may affect the other’s lives and safety. Life safety is of the highest priority in the business of fire rescue. To achieve a safety standard there are many tasks that fire personnel are expected to carry out, for both a personal and a team related purpose. One of these tasks is the daily inspection of the fire apparatus upon arrival to the fire station. This task is with most certainty the most essential process that fire personnel are responsible for in order to get through the shift safely and efficiently.
Envision yourself in a deep sleep, your spouse lying next to you. For seven years of marriage, your greatest quandary has been your partners obnoxious snoring. Now, you are rattled awake by the wailing of your smoke detector, just outside your bedroom door. You hear the sobbing of your three month old baby boy from just down the hall, and feel the tug of you five year old son on the sleeve of your t-shirt. Forced out the second story window by the fuming blaze barricading the only outlet of the room, you free fall 22 feet onto the frozen ground. Beyond smoke inhalation and second degree burns, you now have a fractured ankle and several severe lacerations. Your spouse, your eldest son, and yourself are now free from the bloodthirsty inferno. Sirens howl, two blocks away. A rescue engine, equipped with three firefighters, is first on scene- 18 minute response time. A second engine arrives, equipped with three firefighters- 23 minute response time. Twenty-five minutes after the initial alarm, a hand line is pulled. Incident commander declares the residence unsafe for entrance. This rescue mission has now become a recovery mission.
Although fire is linked to human life, as it is essential for survival, not only its use for food, security and warmth, particularly in the extreme cold weather
Small portions of the body (an arm, a foot, maybe the head) remain unburned. 3) Only objects immediately associated with the body are burned; the fire never spreads away from the body. 4) A greasy soot deposit covers the ceiling and walls, usually stopping three to four feet above the floor. 5) Objects above this three to four foot line show signs of heat damage (melted candles, cracked mirrors, etc.). )
The release of the hazardous material or exposure to the fire that ensues results in the need to evacuate 25 or more people
I’ve long been familiar with the concept of coal mines, but a common occurrence I was unfamiliar with previous to this class was the concept of coal mine fires, but it is a huge problem, both economically and environmentally.
Flame retardants refer to a class of several chemicals that are used to slow or prevent the ignition or growth of fires. A variation of different chemicals, with diverse properties and structures, are combined in different ways to suit the different types of materials to make them fire-resistant without interfering with their intended use or performance. Since the 1970’s, FRs have been and still are widely added or applied to a big variety of major consumer products.
There are different classes of fire and extinguishers which depends on what is on fire. This is important to familiarize with to be able to know what type of extinguisher should be used in case of fire.
There are also checklist and formats for fire risk assessment available commercially. A simple code can be convenient to change the condition or degree or control the fire hazard.