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Outline the sustainability concept
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Development of Megacities I. Introduction There are three kinds of development in megacities we would like to explore in this paper, they are sustainable development, economic development and human development. Those kinds of development face many problems in megacities. In 1950 there were only New York and Tokyo as megacities and now in this 21 century the number of megacities are increasing.In 2013 noted there are 28 megacities (New Geography, 2013). Industrialization in developing countries is the main reason why the poor peasant in rural area moved to the cities in the name of better job and higher wages. This urbanization will change the population proportion which is decreasing the rural population and on the other side, increasing the population of urban areas. This continuing movement will inevitably create big and even bigger community in the city and in the end a megacity will be formed. This big number of population influences development of megacities. This paper will discuss about the development of megacities in general, starting with an introduction and then followed by the definition of development and megacity. After that, there will be elaboration of the development of megacities and continue with a section entitled how megacities develop and a brief point about challenges of development of megacities. Finally the paper will reach a study case of the development of Jakarta as a developing-country megacity and ended with a conclusion. II. Definition of Development and Megacity In international parlance, development encompasses the need and the means by which to provide better life for people in poor countries and it includes not only economic growth, although that is crucial, but also human development like... ... middle of paper ... ...-friendly homes that have been started in the company in Jakarta, which uses solar energy for their power sources. VII. Conclusion Development of megacities is increasing. This can be seen that 28 cities of 28 countries become megacities in 21 century. We focus on three kinds of development in megacities; they are economic development, human development, and sustainable development. Economic development concern on the improvement of economic activities to invest the consumption, human development concern on the individual matter such as self-development, the relations among human beings in all aspects, and human rights, and sustainable development concerns on economic, environmental and social objectives that should be balance between the needs of present and needs of future. And Jakarta is one of the examples of development of megacities in developing countries.
The problems caused by the urbanization phenomenon also deal with the decreased quality of health care and medicine provision for the mass people in the cities. The negative effects of urbanization are scaring the people, and many of them choose to turn back from the urban places to previous places where they lived. Nevertheless, not everything about urbanization tends to be perceived in the dark light. For example, urbanization brings the growth and development of commercial activities and contributes to the social and cultural integration. Respectively, this phenomenon cannot only be viewed as the negative one but should also be regarded for its positive impacts. To achieve this, the people need to find out the ways of bringing forward the benefits of urbanization and reducing its negative impacts on the lives of
In 1950, only 13% of China’s population lived in cities (Seto, n.d.). Post 30 years, one hundred-million people moved to large cities from rural areas in China. This migration was considered the largest migration in human history. To compare this migration to western cities, the example of Shenzhen is used. For a Western city to have a population of three million to increase to ten million, it takes about a hundred years. 30-year old city, Shenzhen on the other hand made this population increase in just a decade (qtd. Caughey and Dawn). Today, over 53.7% of its population lives in cities; by 2020 it is projected that a whole 60% of the population will live in cities (Xinhuanet, 2014).
In this book Ferguson aims to create an understanding of the workings of the concept of development through the case study of the Thaba-Tseka Development Project. To achieve this he gives detailed accounts of the setting and conditions of the project, as well as emphasize where and how development practitioners went wrong in this particular case.
When looking through the topic of development, two drastically different ways to assess it arise. The majority of the western world looks at development in terms of per capita GNP. This means each country is evaluated on a level playing field, comparing the production of each country in economic value. Opposite this style of evaluation is that of the alternative view, which measures a country’s development on its ability to fulfill basic material and non-material needs. Cultural ties are strong in this case as most of the population does not produce for wealth but merely survival and tradition.
In order to understand the issues at play and to propose various solutions, three main concepts would be examined. The focus would be on context of development, self and identity development and social development.
McMichael, Philip, ed 2012. Development and Social Change: A Global Perspective, 5th ed. London: Sage Publications, Inc.
The rise of development theory has been an interesting phenomenon. In the latter half of the 20th century, many theorists have tried to explain the origins of "under-development." The debate over the idea of development has been intense, and has led to the emergence of two contending paradigms: Modernization theory and dependency theory. Upon close investigation, one realizes that both theories are problematic. This paper is based on readings of Escobar, Martinussen, Cruise O'Brien, and Pieterse. The purpose of this paper is to chronicle the origins and growth of development discourse, and to show how both paradigms share three flaws: an economist approach to social change, and an ethnocentric and teleological worldview of development, and the perceived universal application of the West's development experience throughout the developing world.
Sassen, S. "The Global City: introducing a Concept." Brown Journal of World Affairs. 11.2 (2005): 40. Print.
The Problems of Defining Development Development is very difficult to define as it has a wide range of meanings and has therefore been used in a variety of ways, by different people or organizations at different times. For example, geographers will link development with improvements in human welfare. e.g. greater wealth, better education and health. Many geographers will measure development in terms of the countries HDI (Human). Development Index.
Cities in different areas are often renowned for the wealth of culture and the chances they provide. The increase in technological ingenuity has led to the growth and expansion of downtown areas in the city. Cities have grown over the past decade hence increasing the number of individuals living in these areas. The rise in population density in these regions has led to the development of dangerous and run-down regions in different cities. Downtown areas play a fundamental role in the well being and interactions of the society. Increase in population in urban centers has led to the development of downtown areas which are withered, run down and violent.
some for the experience of different cultures, some for specific interests, or just for the pursuit of entertainment. More than half of the globe's population now lives in urban areas, these places are now the world's stage for many civilizations. They are centers of arts, entertainment and food, gateways to traditional customs and modern society, focal points for commerce, industry and finance, culture and people, icons and architecture, uniqueness and unity, and of course they give tourists a chance to experience diversity and creativity. However, to know what the city's strategies to attract the attention of tourist, there are cretin elements of urban tourism need to identify that lead to attract visitors to a city.
Cities all over the world are developing. As war ended in 1942, a significant number of people move to the city because they want to improve life. This urbanization process is causing a number of problems and should be met by sustainable development policies. In the beginning, it is important to know the definition of sustainable development. There are some definitions for sustainable development, but simply they say that sustainable development is a development which using resources now and preserving them for future generations (Adams, 1999, p.137). This concept has been agreed internationally at a Rio Conference in 1992 to be implemented by all government policies which mostly known as “Agenda 21” principles (Adams, 1999, p.141). This paper will show that traffic jams and housing problems caused by urbanization can be met by sustainable development policies. The structure of this paper will first explain the situation that leads to traffic jams and housing problems. Next, it will elaborate the sustainable development solutions, implications for the solutions, and evaluations how effective the sustainable development solutions solved the problems.
Many constructors tend to want to build higher-class housing from which they can make good profits rather than construct essential housing for working class families. As a result, this becomes problematic in that housing will fall on the governments which already face great financial problem with the overall development of their countries. Nonetheless, many underdeveloped countries strains are imposed by the lower standards of health and hygiene and by the need to provide additional educational facilities for rapidly growing populations. Problems of providing social services such as water, sanitation, and sewage disposal are aggravated by poverty of migrants in the cities such as Lagos, Rio de Janeiro, Vienna, New York, Mumbai or Johannesburg,
Businesses that produce jobs and capital are usually located in in urban areas. Tourism and trade in cities are the main source of foreign money in a country. The city life is ideal for people who want to m...
Urbanization is the process of becoming a city or intensification of urban elements. Since modernization, the meaning of urbanization mostly became the transformation that a majority of population living in rural areas in the past changes to a majority living in urban areas. However, urbanization differs between the developed and developing world in terms of its cause and the level of its negative outcomes. Korea, as one of the developing countries, experienced what is called ‘ overurbanization,’ and it experienced a number of negative consequences of it, although it could achieve a great economic development by it. This paper examines how urbanization differs between the West and the rest of the world, the characteristics and process of urbanization in Korea, problems sprung from its extreme urbanization, and government policies coping with population distribution.