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Conditions associated with cerebral palsy essay
Psychological issues with cerebral palsy
Conditions associated with cerebral palsy essay
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The effects of multiple disabilities are often both multiplicative and interactive. Cerebral Palsy is a disability that originates from damage to the central nervous system, but which is often accompanied by sensory, communication, orthopedic, learning and cognitive abilities. The complex nature of cerebral palsy is related to differences in causation and the nature and degree of motor involvement. In this paper, Cerebral Palsy will be defined and described, followed by discussion of conditions that frequently occur with this disability. A description of the impact of cerebral palsy on physical and communication development will also be discussed. Many people have heard the term cerebral palsy and may have a personal perception about the appearance and effects of this They are (1) pyramidal system, (2) extrapyramidal system (basal ganglia), (3) extrapyramidal system (cerebellum), and (4) mixed. The Pyramidal System controls the voluntary motor movement and is especially crucial in fine motor control. Spastic (hypertonic) cerebral palsy, the most common form cerebral palsy and is characterized by increased muscle tone that interferes with voluntary movement and fine motor movement, such as movement of the hand or fingers. The most common types of topographical types are diplegia, hemiplegia, double hemiplegia, and quadriplegia. The basal ganglia are part of the extrapyramidal system and work in conjunction with the motor cortex in providing movement and serve as the relay center. Damage to this area results in Athetoid Cerebral Palsy, the second most common form of cerebral palsy. Involuntary purposeless movements, particularly in the arms, hands, and facial muscles, characterize Athetosis. In addition, the individual can become “stuck” in abnormal positions or postures and require specific positioning to maintain more normal tome and
Sankar, C; Mandkur, N. (2005). Cerebral Palsy-Definition, Classification, Etiology and Early Diagnosis. Symposium on Developmental and Behavioural Disorders. 72 (10), 865-868.
Cerebral Palsy (CP) is group of muscles that do not develop correctly. Cerebral Palsy can be the results of an accident or the nervous system not functioning properly. Learning, hearing, seeing, walking, and thinking can be affected by this disability. Most of the time Cerebral Palsy takes place during or after a mother gives birth but it can, also take place after a car accident Cerebral Palsy is a disability that has many different effects on people. A person can have CP and their hearing can be affected, but it does not affect anything else. While Cerebral Palsy can affect another person’s legs and sight. These affects are when a few muscles do not develop the they t way should therefore two people can have the same disability but have
Cerebral palsy describes a group of permanent disorders that affect the bodily posture and movement, affecting an individual’s ability to be active, including disturbances of sensation, perception, cognition, communication, and behaviorally, by either epilepsy or any other musculoskeletal problems (Cerebral palsy, 2010). According to the Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe (SCPE), primary elements agreed necessary in the definition of cerebral palsy are that it is a group of disorders which are permanent but not unchanging, involves a disorder of movement and/or posture and of motor function, and it is due to a non-progressive interference of a developing fetus brain (Surman, et al., 2009).
L. R. Hochberg, M. D. (2006). Neuronal ensemble control of prostetic devices by a human with tetraplegia. Nature, 164-71.
The facial muscles and voluntary body movements are controlled by the pyramidal system. The pyramidal system is comprised of two pathways: the corticobulbar tract and the corticospinal tract (Jones, 2015). McCaffrey (2014) states that the corticobulbar tract innervates muscular movement of the face and neck, while the corticospinal tract is responsible for transporting movement related signals to the spinal cord.
The human body is amazingly physically capable and is able to create a number of complex movements and generate varying amounts of force, with varying speed and control of the movement due to the function of the body’s Central Nervous System. The Central Nervous System transmits messages from the brain to the part of the body a person wishes to move by using nerve fibers very rapidly, and this results in humans being able to complete a number of complex movements in very controlled manners and at considerably fast paces. However, sometimes the transmission of messages from the brain to the Spinal Cord can become disrupted, and this leads to less control of movements and can lead to movements becoming slowed down or even stopped
The dystonias comprise a heterogeneous group of neurologic movement disorders, which collectively represent the third most prevalent neurological movement disease in the United States (Bragg, 2011). Clinical manifestations of disease include sustained or intermittent, involuntary muscle contractions that result in abnormal twisting, postures, and/or movements (Albanese, 2013). Because of the broad spectrum of clinical characteristics and disease pathology, it is necessary to classify dystonias to aid in diagnosis, treatment, and research.
On January 19, 2012 my triplets cousins Lilly, Emma, and Abby were born. For a while everything was normal. My aunt, Tina, had three healthy baby girls. At the just the young age of three months, Abby began facing many obstacles that continued until she was just a little over a year old. Abby would have breathing spells where she would stop breathing and choke, and she would also have spells where she would not have control over her limbs. After many office visits, hospital stays, and tests the doctors finally came to the conclusion that Abby has Cerebral Palsy. Upon finding this out, she was prescribed many medications that gave her many hurdles to get over. Now, at the age of three, Abby’s doing wonderful and becoming more independent by the day, but she still faces one obstacle that restricts her from many activities and complicates her life.
Cerebral palsy is considered an umbrella term for a non-contagious, non-progressive neuro-muscular disorder that impairs standard muscle control. There are four main types with specific sub-types, depending on the area affected. Cerebral means ‘brain’ while palsy is n ‘paralysis.’ As fatal as it sounds, it is not a disease nor it killed anyone. It is a condition.
Motor movement development has been a topic of controversy for the last century. The feud began in 1906 when Sir Charles Sherrington published The Integrative Action of the Nervous System. The work summarizes over two decades of research, revealing many fundamentals of neural science for the very first time (Burke, 2007). He was not only the first to suggest that the nervous system was a complex network of separate neurons, coining the term ‘synapse’, but he also was the first to discuss reflex arcs in detail. Although his work is noted for its advances in the field, some of Sherrington’s ideas were far-fetched; including his belief that complex behavior could be explained through the combination of individual reflex actions intertwined (Sherrington,
Cerebral Palsy can also come in mixed forms. A combination of Ataxic and Spasticity is the most common, and affected individuals tend to have low muscle tones, as well as a hard time sitting and standing properly. Mixed Cerebral Palsy generally causes involuntary movements associated with speaking, feeding, reaching and other skills necessary for correlated movement. Generally, cases of mixed Cerebral Palsy will result in a person becoming quadriplegic (Lewis & Bear 187).
The affects of cerebral palsy can be easily assessed through the loss of muscle control, spasticity, poor myelination, and in some cases structural brain changes can be see through the us of MRI. Furthermore, the affects of dealing with and treating a cerebral palsy child is a not marked by a single episode or treatment but rather a long process that for most families will consume their whole life. As with any illness preventative measures and treatment are essential in yielding the most optimal outcome. Additionally, for the child suffering from cerebral palsy their best chance at appropriate development hinders on how early the parents are willing to start treatment. For some families this can be a very hard decision since these kids are delicate and many of them are premature, decisions regarding their care can take a toll on the whole family. In order to provide appropriate care we must employ empathy and acknowledge the many factors contributing to the stress of this new diagnosis. Families may experience grief with the thought of having an “imperfect child”, become stressed with all the doctors coming in to talk to the family about treatment options, overwhelmed with nurses taking care of the child, as well as develop a constant fear of the unknown. All these thing play a major role in assessing the appropriate way to work with the family (Kaakinen, J. R., Coehlo, D. P.,
Parkinson’s is associated with malfunction and even death of vital nerve cells in the brain. The area of the brain that is severely affected is called the substantia nigra. The neurons in this area of the brain produce dopamine, which is a chemical that sends messages to the part of the brain that controls movement. Slowly but surely the amount of dopamine manufactured in the brain will decrease. Decrease of dopamine can leave a person unable to control their own movements. Along with no control of their movement, there are many other symptoms.
Cerebral palsy (CP) is defined as an umbrella term for a group of non-progressive syndromes characterized by motor impairment and various muscle movement patterns that arise from a brain injury or malformation during a child’s early developmental stages (Sankar & Mundkur, 2005). If a child is suspected to have CP, a careful identification process and the use of several evaluation measures are crucial due to the wide range of motor impairments, muscle movement patterns, and levels of severity that exist for individuals with CP. Accurate identification of the type of CP, the primary characteristics, and associated conditions that an individual may present with, are critical when considering the selection of the type of service delivery
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease, meaning that it slowly progresses as the brain’s cells lose function or structure (National Parkinson Foundation [NPF], 2014). Parkinson’s disease is a condition affecting movement, also known as a movement disorder (National Library of Medicine [NLM], 2014). Parkinson’s involves the failure and death of the neurons in the brain that control movement and coordination. The neurons that are primarily affected are the substania nigra, which work to release the chemical, dopamine, and to maintain balance and movement (Parkinson’s Disease Foundation [PDF], 2014). There are four main symptoms of PD; tremor or muscle contraction in the extremities or in the face region, including