NAME: HANI SYAFINI ZULKIFLI SITI FAIRUZ MOHD FAUZI TITTLE: LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Development of English vocabulary 2.0 Influence of Latin in English vocabulary 2.1 Old English 2.2 Middle English 2.3 Modern English 3.0 Influence of French in English vocabulary 3.1 Middle English 3.2 Modern English 4.0 Influence of Germanic in English vocabulary 4.1 Low Germanic 4.2 High Germanic 5.0 Influence of other languages in English vocabulary 5.1 Italian 5.2 Spanish and Portuguese 6.0 Conclusion 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Development of English vocabulary Celts, Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Danes, and Norman French had invaded the Great Britain years ago. Since then, the people there are mixed of genes, cultures, and spoken languages. As the result, despite the culture, the language also mongrelized. When someone imitate a foreign word, they are said to borrow it, and the action is called borrowing or loanwords. Thus, other than native English words, all the vocabulary are borrowed from foreign language or coined with its elements. 2.0 Influence of Latin in English vocabulary Latin influence in English can be seen in Old English, Middle English as well as Modern English. 2.2 Old English At first, the loanwords from Latin are candel ‘candle’ (latin candela), earc ‘ark’ (Latin arca), port ‘harbor’ (Latin portus). Latin also influence most of the elements in English places such as Lancaster, Manchester, Casterton and Chesterfield. Most of this places were former Roman military stations. Some of the loanwords have close relation to Latin etyma. For example, the word alter ‘altar’ (Latin altar), circul ‘circle’ (Latin circulus), templ ‘temple’ (Latin templum), (a)postle ‘apostle’ (Latin apostolu... ... middle of paper ... ...ackwurst), noodle (Nudel), pretzel, pumpernickel, sauerbraten, sauerkraut, schnitzel, wienerwurst, and zwieback. Besides that, the words angst, hamster, landau (from the place of that name), waltz and the dog names dachshund, Doberman(n) pinscher, poodle (Pudel) and spitz are other words used from German. The words seminar and semester are originally Latin but these words entered English via German. 5.0 Influence of other languages in English vocabulary English has taken from other languages as well such as Italian, Spanish and Portuguese through travel, trade, exploration and colonization. 5.1 Italian Many musical terminologies were acquired from Italian, another Romance language. The words alto, duo, fugue, madrigal, presto, viola da gamba (viol for the leg) and violin appeared in English during the early sixteenth century. 5.2 Spanish and Portuguese
The example given above shows that the Latin yields functional words (quae, et), endings (-as, -am, etc.), and some lexical words (possunt, corpore, mille), while the remaining stems come from German (schoen-, blick-, mann-, etc.). We can conveniently call the language that is mixed with Latin the Embedded Language (hence, EL).
As the English language was beginning to develop, words were being borrowed from the French, Latin, and Scandinavian. Majority of the words used in the diary entry are words from each of these countries. For example, the lexis ‘Admerall’ was of a French origin. The lexis ‘gunnes’ was of a Scandinavian orgin and finally the lexis ‘nobull’ was of a Latin origin. All these words are commonly used in Present Day English, however, the spelling of the words are dissimilar. Large-scale borrowing of new words often had serious consequences for the meanings and the stylistic register of those words, but, various new stylistic layers emerged in the lexicon, which could be employed for a variety of different
We borrow them from other languages (sushi), we create them by shortening longer words (gym from gymnasium) or by combining words (brunch from breakfast and lunch).
1) Descending from precursory languages such as Anglo-Saxon (Old English), Italian, Spanish, Latin, Greek and French.
... language. The earliest forms of French was called Old French and lasted until the fifteenth century. Modern day French was developed from the dominant dialect in the twelfth and thirteenth century in central France, around Paris. Norman French, located in northern France, spread to England in the eleventh century and became known as Anglo-Norman as it developed in England but English eventually dominated and wiped it out. Occitan was spoken in the South and developed greatly during the Middle Ages until the North overtook them in the early thirteenth century. Occitan can still be found in southern France today (Fortson 258). Spanish
Llinàs i Grau and Reeves observe that “Old English was an inflecting language, in which grammatical information about the functions and relationships of words in a sentence was carried by the endings (mainly suffixes but for some prefixes) of the words” (1998, p. 90). The old English declension was the same as those of Latin, Greek, Sanskrit, Gothic, Old Norse, Old Saxon, and Old High German (Moore and Knott, 2007).
Reading of Chapter four in the textbook titled " Foreign Influences on Old English,” the followings are the terms that came across as interesting and necessary for the understanding of the extent of foreign influence on the old English language:
To understand how English became the lingua franca for the world one must begin by understanding the colonization influence of the British Empire, beginning with the Americas in the early 1600’s. Once the language itself had been somewhat established in Great Britain, although not necessarily agreed upon, the next obvious step was to take the language and the culture to new parts of the world and colonize. The British Empire set out to the Americas in two vastly different manners, yet both had major influences on the language of what soon would become America.
As we have said in the first chapter, Latin, the official language of the Roman Empire, became a multitude of dialects called collectively Vulgar Latin which, in turn, became the Romance languages. Today we will look at how Vulgar Latin became the Romance languages with a concentration on Italian, the language which is probably closest to Latin lexically. To understand how Vulgar Latin became the different Romance languages we must first understand that each Romance language went through many different changes until it became the language spoken today and that each Romance language parted from Latin at a different time. By the eighth century the language spoken in France was already quite different than Classical Latin. In 813 the Council
As I mentioned earlier, about 60% of English words stem from Latin. Another language that a lot of English words stem from is French, and Latin is the base of French. English and Latin are in the same language family which is called Indo-European. Pretty much all of medical terms come from either Greek or Latin. One reason there are any Latin words and phrases in today’s law is, “ancient Rome's legal system has had a strong influence on the legal systems of most western countrie...
Geoffey Chaucer lived from 1343-1400, and during that time wrote multiple works (Smith 7). Chaucer’s language soon became the new standard for writing, for which it differed from Modern English by the pronunciation of long vowels (Weiner 1). “For example, Middle English’s “long e” in Chaucer’s “sheep” had the value of the Latin “e”, which sounded like the Modern English’s “Shape”” (Weiner 1). And while his writing poses multiple similarities to the English spoken today, it still provides enough difference to see the change with the years in between. Without his work, many linguists would not have a clear understanding of how the linguistics shifts within Middle English itself
The Norman invasion of 1066 AD began a period of two centuries in which French was the official language of England, resulting in the introduction of many words with French or Latin roots, such as 'baron', 'justice' and 'government' (Beal, J. 2012, p. 64). English was first used in Parliament in 1362 AD and gradually displaced French (Appendix I, in Seargea...
Since the establishment of the British Empire, the spread of English language has been experienced in many parts of the globe. The success can be attributed significantly to the colonization activities that the empire had embarked on. They would train the indigenous community English language as they suppressed the local dialect. This massive spread is termed as lingual imperialism (Osterhammel 2005, pp. 14). The English language has become the first and second language of many nations across the world, and this makes it an international language. The native’s proportion to the non-native who speaks English cannot be compared with nations in the isle of Britain and far are speaking the language .considering that more than 70%
The English language arose from the early Anglo Saxon inhabitants in ancient England and spread to Scotland and other European countries via the British Empire and later to the United States through colonial political and economical influences. It later dispersed to other parts of the world through these same influences to become one of the leading languages of the world. It has over the years developed by adopting different dialects to create a language, which is the standard lingual Franca in many countries. The rapid growth of the English language and its adoption by different cultures across the globe is sufficient ground to make it the global language.
Over the years English inarguably has reached a status of a global language and commonly is characterized as a lingua franca. It has become the language that is spoken by millions of people all over the world; as the mother tongue, as the language used for international communication and as the language learned in the millions of schools.