Placental abruption is a condition in which premature separation of the placenta from the uterus. Women with placental abruption, also called abruptio placentae, usually present with bleeding, uterine contractions, and fetal distress. Complications such as a risk for recurrence in women who have experienced placental abruptions previous in other pregnancies. Understanding the leading cause to contributing factor of placental abruption, is understanding the origin of the condition. Associations that are common during pregnancy which can lead to an abruption that is acknowledged as risk factors can be fetal growth, advancing maternal age, hypertension, previous abortions and folic acid deficiency. The high mortality rates from an abruption come …show more content…
Thus, the effect of the placenta separating is either rapid and spontaneous or gradually. With it to most likely occur in the latter trimester of pregnancy, starting around the 20th week of gestation, however in some cases can arise earlier in gestation. Furthermore, complications of the abruption to the fetus are associated with loss of nutrients and oxygen, putting the fetus in distress. Although, dependent on gestational age at the time and severity of the abruption, outcome of the fetus can be determined. Whereas signs and symptoms to the mother can include: rapid uterine contractions, back and abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, and uterine tenderness. Direct causes sometimes can correlate with direct injury to abdominal wall, rapid loss or excess of amniotic fluid, the mother’s lifestyle choices, hypertension, advanced maternal age, diabetes mellitus, and prior placental abruption. Although, preventive measures for placenta abruption is uncommon, attention to ongoing medical evaluation of fetal and maternal welfare connected with consideration of risk factors, outcomes can be
These women could anticipate delays in normal growth and development for the fetus. The exact cause of post term pregnancy is unknown. The mother experiencing post term pregnancy is at risk for trauma, hemorrhage, infection, and labor abnormalities (Ward et al., 2016, p. 543). Labor induction prior to 42 weeks’ gestation prevents MAS and other complications. A biophysical profile measuring the heart rate, breathing and body movements, tone, and the amniotic fluid volume is used to monitor the fetus for intrapartum fetal stress that could cause passage of meconium. Diabetic woman is at high risk for preeclampsia or eclampsia, infection, hydramnios, postpartum hemorrhage, and cesarean birth (Ward et al., 2016, p. 383). In addition, fetal macrosomia prolongs labor due to shoulder dystocia. The glucose challenge test, and the 3- hour OGTT is used for gestational diabetes screening, done after 24 weeks of pregnancy. Abnormalities of the respiratory system as explained earlier are the most concerning complication of MAS, needing immediate
...regiver sees signs of separation, they could ask you to push gently one more time to help get the placenta out. After the placenta is out you are completely done with the process of giving birth.
Deering, S.H. (2004). Abruptio placentae. Department of obstetrics and gynecology: Madigan army medical center, 2, 3.
According to Steen and Marchant (2007), 60-70% of women will require sutures after vaginal delivery. A common morbidity of lacerations in the perineum is acute pain (Steen et al., 2007). Indeed, many women who have had birth related lacerations have decreased mobility, difficulty sitting comfortably, or fear of defecation due to pain (Steen et al. 2007). Furthermore, this pain may impede a mother from breastfeeding, focusing on newborn care and can lead to increasing irritability (Steen et al., 2007).
Childbirth is nothing short of a miracle. The placenta—the organ connecting a developing fetus to the uterine wall and allowing for waste elimination, nutrient uptake and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply—filters most harmful substances that threaten an embryo, though some may still pass on to the fetus. These harmful substances, called “teratogens,” range from environmental chemicals to the transmission of maternal diseases, and can negatively impact the normal developmental cycle of a fetus. The title “teratogen,” however, refers to any substance or chemical exposure with the potential to cause birth defects in prenatal development. Exposure to teratogens can result in a broad spectrum of physiological and psychological issues in later life, including malformations of the body.
Association of Placenta Preparation Arts board member Nikole Keller says, “the placenta is often referred to as a filter; this isn’t an ideal term for the placenta considering its function in the body… A more suitable way of looking at it would be as a gate keeper between the mother and the fetus. The placenta’s job is to keep the maternal and fetal blood separate, at the same time allowing nutrients to pass to the fetus, gas exchange to occur, and allowing waste from the fetus to pass through the mother, . The placenta does prevent some toxins from passing through to the fetus but they are not stored in the placenta. Toxins in the body and waste from the fetus are processed by the mother’s liver and kidneys for elimination”
Each year in the United States there are six million child births. Of the six million births in the United States 12,000 are said to be due to ectopic pregnancies. One in fifty women are likely to have an ectopic pregnancy (Diagnostics, Pregnancy). An ectopic pregnancy is a complication within the first trimester of pregnancy and normally symptoms begin to occur between the five to fourteen week periods (Diagnostics). Ectopic means “in an abnormal position” (Ectopic). An ectopic pregnancy is when the ovum is fertilized and begins to develop somewhere other than the uterus.
Ionizing radiation can have many different effects on a fetus. There are many significant factors to consider when looking at an overall effect of radiation on a fetus in each trimester of pregnancy. The effects of radiation on a fetus vary dramatically depending on gestational age, the dosage of radiation they receive, and the manner in which they were exposed.
eclampsia in a pregnant woman can put her and her unborn child at risk. A risk
Postpartum hemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal mortality in the world, according to the World Health Organization. Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is generally defined as a blood loss of more than 500 mL after a vaginal birth, more than 1000 mL after a cesarean section, and a ten percent decrease in hematocrit levels from pre to post birth measurements (Ward & Hisley, 2011). An early hemorrhage occurs within 24 hours of birth, with the greatest risk in the first four hours. A late hemorrhage happens after 24 hours of birth but less than six weeks after birth. Uterine atony—failure for the uterine myometrium to contract—is the most common postpartum hemorrhage (Venes, Ed.).(2013). Other etiologies include lower genital tract lacerations, uterine inversion, retained products of conception and bleeding disorders (Kawamura, Kondoh, Hamanishi, Kawasaki, & Fujita, (2014).
These usually occur during the first three months of pregnancy. It is estimated that 25% of all pregnancies end in spontaneous abortion.The second form of abortion is induced abortion. This is the deliberate termination of the fetus. There are four main types of induced abortions. The first takes place up to 12 weeks. It is called vacuum aspiration.
Pregnancy can be an exciting and sometimes frightening experience for many women. It was a snowy Sunday afternoon, and I was not feeling very well. I remember all week long, every morning I felt nauseated. I was craving odd foods, and foods I normally would not eat together. I was on the phone with my best friend explaining to her how I was feeling. She said “It sounds like you are pregnant.” That thought never even crossed my mind until that moment. Sure enough she was right, I was pregnant for the first time. I was excited to have a baby and never realized how many emotions or complications can take place during a pregnancy. Everybody that I knew that had babies, had such wonderful experiences. Unfortunately, this happy moment became such a monumental, emotional and stressful time in my life. During my pregnancy, I went through many emotional experiences from almost losing my child, to the uncertainty of a birth defect and early delivery.
Unlike vaginal birth delivery, the process of a cesarean delivery is quite different, but just as safe as giving vaginal birth (Taylor, 1). When delivering a baby using the cesarean method, there are two ways anesthetic can be used. The women can be put into an unconscious state using the anesthetic, therefore she will be asleep during the entire operation and her coach may not be present. The other way for the anesthetic to be used would be in an epidural or spinal block to temporarily numb the woman from her waist down. In this case the mother will be awake and her coach may be present to give her extra support. Once the anesthetic is working, an incision is made in the abdomen either horizontally or vertically, depending on the reason for the cesarean delivery. A vertical incision is made when the baby is in trouble and needs to be out as quickly as possible, when there is more time the horizontal incision is used. The baby is then lifted out of the uterus and gone for the APGAP procedure. The placenta is then removed and the mother’s reproductive organs are examined before closing the incision (Taylor, 1).
Every woman when pregnant has a 3-5% chance of having a baby born with a birth defect, and these chances increase when the developing fetus/ embryos are exposed to teratogens, whether it’s intentional or unintentional (Bethesda (MD), 2006). Teratogens can cause severe birth defects, malformations, or terminate the pregnancy altogether (Jancárková, & Gregor, 2000). The placenta is known as an effective barrier from any detrimental pathogen that can potentially hurt the fetus. The timing of exposure of any teratogen is critical to the impact of prenatal development (Bethesda (MD), 2006). The most vulnerable time of the fetus for severe damage is during early pregnancy when all the major organ and central nervous system (CNS) are developing. Miscarriages have an important role in keeping a pregnancy from evolving when there is something serious going on with the developing fetus/embryo. Miscarriages are more common than we think and are the most familiar type of pregnancy loss (Bethesda (MD), 2006).
There are many long-term physical side effects of having an abortion that many people do not realize. The worst complication is death. The mother may die of complications related to the abortion such as hemorrhaging, intense bleeding. Another adverse effect is the risk of infection of the uterus caused by the exposure to the outside environment. Women may get an embolism (blood cot). Abortionists may give the mother anesthesia, giving her the wrong dosage. The woman may get entopic tubal Pregnancies, which are pregnancies outside of the uterus. The most common place for these pregnancies is in the fallopian tubes. These related health problems are the fifth leading cause of matern...