Solubility studies for screening of microemulsion components
The solubility of HCA in various oils and surfactants such as eucalyptus oil, clove oil, lemon grass oil, pippermint oil, carvone, D-limonene, citronella, menthone, eugenol, oleic acid, tween 20, isopropyl myristate (IPM), tween 80, polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) were measured. An excess amount of HCA was added to 10mL of oil and the mixture was shaken for 72 h at 25 °C. The resulting suspension was then centrifuged (R-8C REMI equipments, Mumbai) for 10 min at 10,000 rpm. The supernatant was filtered through a membrane filter (0.45µm) and the drug concentration in the filtrate was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis after appropriate dilution. The oil phase and surfactant that showed high solubility of HCA was used in the preparation of microemulsion.
Construction of pseudo-ternary phase diagrams
Water titration method was used in constructing pseudo-ternary phase diagrams at ambient temperature by choosing tween 80 as surfactant and ethanol as cosurfactant to obtain the concentration range of components to attain stable microemulsions range. (Vyas et al 2006; Patel et al. 2009)The weight ratio of surfactant to cosurfactant (SMix) varied as 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 2:1 and 3:1. For each pseudo-ternary phase diagram at a specific surfactant to cosurfactant weight ratio was mixed with oil at a ratio of 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, 4:6, 3:7, 2:8 and 1:9 (w/w). Double distilled water was added drop by drop to each oily-surfactant mixture under magnetic stirring until the mixture became clear at a certain point. The concentrations were recorded in order to complete the pseudo-ternary phase diagrams, and then the contents of oil, surfactant, cosurfac...
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When microdermabrasion removes the outer layer of skin the body then goes into a healing mode that promotes the making of new healthier cells. Microdermabrasion is like when one sustains an injury to his skin and the body sends treatment molecules to heal the damage. Mariane Fernandes conducted an experiment with the aim to evaluate the effects of microdermabrasion on skin rejuvenation. Fernandes stated in her article “Effects of microdermabrasion on skin rejuvenation” in the Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy that “Microdermabrasion treatment promoted skin rejuvenation through an increase in skin thickness due to an increase in epidermal thickness and collagen organization” (Fernandes 26). Acne weakens and thins the skin epidermal layers, causing acne scars. Microdermabrasion heals the weak, thin, and fragile skin, which makes the skin smooth and more resistant to other damaging conditions. Doctor Bruce M. Freedman an aesthetic plastic surgeon and assistant professor of plastic surgery at Georgetown University also analyzed the dermatological changes associated with microdermabrasion in “Clinical and histologic changes determine optimal treatment regimens for microdermabrasion” in the Journal of Dermatological Treatment. Freedman’s experiment also yielded results of an increase of epidermal thickness
However, low HLB surfactants may also be an important component of oral lipid-based formulation by behaving as a coupling agent for the high HLB surfactants and the lipophilic solvent components, as well as contributing to solubilization by remaining associated with the lipophilic solvent post-dispersion. Moreover, using a blend of high and low HLB surfactants may also lead to more rapid dispersion and finer emulsion droplet size upon addition to an aqueous phase [36, 48, 49, 51–55]. Thus, in this study, we decided to mix Tween 80 (high HLB value) with Carbitol (low HLB value) to identify the most effective combination emulsifying with three chosen oils. The size of the emulsion droplets decreased as the HLB value of surfactant mixture reached the required HLB (Table 2). In the case of soybean oil, the smallest size was 277 ± 2.49 nm obtained at 20:80 (v/v) ratio of Tween 80:Carbitol). In the cases of ethyl oleate (Tween 80:Carbitol, 90:10, v/v) and IPM (Tween 80:Carbitol, 60:40), the smallest droplet sizes were 2.9 ± 0.170 and 10.5 ± 0.596 nm, respectively. These results show that the combination of Tween 80 and Carbitol had extremely good emulsifying ability, resulting in a fine emulsion in the cases of using ethyl oleate and IPM oil. The results of the visual test (Fig. 1) are parallel to the results of droplet size measurements. The combinations that had a smaller droplet size of 100
Molecules attract one another’s opposite partial pole due to London dispersion and Coulomb force. Substances in a mixture are not chemically bonded. There are four types of intermolecular bonds with ethanol which are London dispersion, dipole-dipole, covalent, and hydrogen. Ethanol will interact with water and bond producing a tightly bonded mixture, where as vegetable oil does not mix with water molecules. Theses structures are depicted in the figure below:
applied probiotic capsules for bacterial vaginosis and other vaginal infections: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 168(2013), 75-79. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.12.031p
Based on your observations about how the food coloring interacted with the oil versus the water, what intermolecular forces might exist around its molecules?
A new entry into the herpes treatment arena, Prosurx is a topical treatment using nanoparticle technology. We carefully researched this product and were somewhat unsettled by our findings.
Daily use of Defining Gel can improve and maintain your results from the wraps. Continued use of the wraps will also help you achieve lasting results.
Discuss the possible drug and excipient-related constrains of the formulation (no identity of the drug was given to you at this
Look for a lotion that comes with a pump for easy dispensing or tube packaging. When you have a jar, your fingers can add bacteria from your fingers to the lotion. The pump or tube dispenser keeps the lotion more sanitary.
were rapidly frozen can be stored in “banks” for later use. Then skin can be
Many things change and alter how a hydrocolloid substance reacts. Factors added to hydrocolloid mixtures, such as water depending on the amount, can yield a gel or liquid substance. When heat is added or eliminated, the hydrocolloid mixture’s physical behavior changes. They may thicken at low doses to make a gel substance, some may be used as emulsifiers and others may also be used as whipping agents to create foams. When a hydrocolloid is dissolved in water, the water gathers around and is attracted to the sugar units, forming a layer of water with restricted movement. It is this ability to organize and control water that gives hydrocolloids their ability to thicken and gel. With the exception of gelatin, which is a protein, hydrocolloids are polysaccharides (fats) and or complex sugars (carbohydrates). Which is another interesting thing, Hydrocolloids come in all three forms of nutrients. The properties of any hydrocolloid are based on its physical structure (sugars made from) and its chemical properties: size, charge, and the
The amphiphilic molecules which is known as surfactants have been used widely in different industries including petroleum, environmental, food, agricultural, bioprocessing, cosmetic, and biological industries. Surfactants contain a hydrophilic part and hydrophobic part which make them capable to reduce surface and interfacial tension of liquids. However, these compounds are chemically synthesized which is mainly petroleum-based and toxic to the environment. These compounds may cause pollution to the environment because of their non-biodegradable properties (Banat et al., 2000; Fakruddin, 2013). Hence, the interest in biosurfactants increased rapidly in recent years as an alternatives to chemical surfactants (Banat et al., 2000; Lang & Wullbrandt, 1999).
Minoxidil topical solution is an active ingredient of provillus treatment. This supports the growth of new hairs and health of remaining hairs. This helps to reduce the effects resulting from increased levels of DHT.
Mayonnaise is an important base of dressing, dips, and sauce. It is widely used in sandwiches, salads, and burgers, especially in western countries. Mayonnaise is an oil-in-water semisolid emulsion prepared from vegetable oil(s), acidifying ingredients (such as vinegar, lemon juice or citric acid), and egg-yolk containing ingredients. According to FDA (2015), a mayonnaise should contain not less than 65% of vegetable oil by weight. Emulsion is a dispersion of two immiscible liquids. As an oil-in-water emulsion, an emulsifier is required to stabilize the emulsion to prevent separation of oil and water phase. It adsorbs at the interface between the liquids and reduces the surface tension of the liquid to enable them to spread over one another
In a study conducted by Manosroi A et al. can help us understand about stability of niosomes.In this a gel was prepared containing niosomes loaded with a semi-purified fraction containing gallic acid from Terminalia chebula galls (Family Combretaceae) which was found to enhance longitivity. The semi-purified fraction containing phenolic compounds was loaded in elastic and non-elastic niosomes and the prepared gel was evaluated using closed patch test for rabbit skin irritation and the skin anti-ageing effect was studied in human volunteers by measuring the skin elasticity and roughness. The results demonstrated that when elastic and non-elastic niosomal gel was applied the % parameter changes of skin elastic recovery and skin elastic extension were-21.25 and -22.63%, +28.73 and +32.57; respectively. Also thesegels showed a significant decrease of the maximum and average roughness values with the parameter changes of -39.47 and -35.28%, -29.43 and -32.38; respectively. Thus, the loaded niosomes gave