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Advancement of technology during the cold war
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Cryogenics: Is It Worth Waiting For Imagine being frozen in time to escape a deadly illness, then getting warmed when a cure is found. There is question on whether cryogenic methods should be used. To fully understand cryogenics a knowledge of cold, background information on some branches of cryogenics, some problems with cryopresevation, and different peoples views towards cryogenics is needed. "Cold is usually considered hostile to mankind. Most people hate cold and with reasons." If not careful, cold can be deadly to animal and human life, but it can also help cure, because cold bodies perform functions slower (Kavaler 16- 17). Measurement of temperature is extremely important in cryogenics and the temperatures must be exact. The standard for scientific temperature measurement is the Kelvin scale. On the Kelvin scale absolute zero has a value of zero degrees on the thermometer. In theory no substance can be lowered to or below zero degrees Kelvin or absolute zero. Temperatures in cryobiology range from zero degrees Celsius--water freezes--to just above negative two hundred and seventy three point sixteen degrees Celsius--absolute zero. The word "Cryogenics" comes from the Greek word “kryos” meaning cold (“Cryogenics” Raintree 127, Kavaler 16). The science of cryobiology was first recognized in the early nineteen sixties. Cryobiology is the study of the effects of extremely low temperatures on living animals and plants. The chief concern in cryobiology is to preserve living matter for future use. This method can also be called cryopreservation. Cryotherapy is the use of extreme cold in treatment. The first trials of cryotherapy proved with great results (“Cryobiology” Comptons 1, McGrady 97). Frozen cells can be kept alive for very long periods of time in a state of “suspended animation.” Almost immediately after rapid thawing, the frozen cells regain normal activity. Cooling of the body causes a loss of feeling, therefore it can be used as anesthesia in surgery. Since certain drugs don’t affect healthy cells at low temperatures, the drugs can be safely used against cancerous tumors in the body. Cryogenics also helps in the preservation and storage of human tissues. Tissues such as eye corneas, skin, and blood that were rapidly frozen can be stored in “banks” for later use. Then skin can be grafted to burn victims and eye corneas can replace damaged ones. Thanks to Cryobiology blood can be frozen and stored for indefinitely for many years as opposed to only three weeks as it was before cryogenic technology was used. Surgeons can use a cryoscapel, freezing tips, to deaden or destroy tissue with great accuracy and little bloodshed (“Cryogenics” Academic 350, “Cryobiology” World Book 929).
He is very unprepared because he doesn’t have enough equipment to finish his trip because it’s too cold. The traveler does not have proper clothing to keep him warm in the cold weather. ”The frozen moisture of its breathing had settled on its fur in a fine powder of frost, and especially were its jowls, muzzle, and eyelashes whitened
The Demon in the Freezer is divided into eight sections. It begins with the upsetting details surrounding the sudden death of Robert Stevens, just three weeks after the attacks of September 11, 2001. An autopsy showed Mr. Stevens died of inhalation anthrax. Subsequent anthrax illnesses among people exposed to letters laced with anthrax frightened the nation. Some thought the letters might also contain smallpox, but fortunately this was not the case. “There had been only eighteen cases of inhalation anthrax in the past hundred years in the United States, and the last reported case had been twenty-three years earlier” (5). It is no wonder that people became alarmed at the threat of a major anthrax outbreak.
(6) The suddenness of the winter storm caught people by surprise. A roar “like an approaching train” was all the warning the storm gave. (130) The roaring wind and snow brought darkness and dropping temperatures. The people who were inside when the blizzard struck faced a dilemma. Staying inside and doing nothing seemed “heartless,” but going into the storm “on a rescue mission was likely to be fatal to the rescuer and useless to the lost.” (143) The people who were unfortunate enough to be away from home, whether they were at school or working with their livestock, had to make a difficult decision. They could either risk trying to make it home or chance it out and stay where they were. Schoolteachers had to decide whether to send the children home or keep them at the school. If anyone ventured outside, he or she risked frostbite, hypothermia, and likely
Although Henrietta Lacks’s cells were significant to medicine scientific developments, her cells caused a moral controversy. Throughout her radiation treatments, doctors removed two cervical samples, without her awareness. Henrietta Lacks’s cells were the first immortal human cells ever grown in without support of the human body. These cells are known as “immortal” since they are able to be frozen for a long period of time, shared among scientists and can grow open-endedly (as long as they have nutrients). Although this process was without her knowledge, this allowed for scientists to exam the cells (Zienlinski).
because that is what is causing extinction. In 2016 because of climate change, some animals got
Animals in research have made many contributions leading to the treatments and cures of diseases that affects humans. Through the use of animals in experiments a better life has been accomplished. “Sweet are the uses of Adversity.” This quote said by Williams Shakespeare proves that all good comes with bad, just like using animals in research. Many oppose the use of animal for research claiming that it is not morally or ethically stable. Findings from animal experiments can potentially cure numerous medial issues such as cancer or the common cold. However, there is controversy, mostly ethical, surrounding the methods used.
Commentary-why does this detail(s) support your topic? How does it connect? scientist have tried for decades to make cells that won't die
The human population's use of domesticated and wild animals is both horrific and dangerously frivolous. For example, one might examine the usage of vivisection, or animal testing. Over fifty million animals such as dogs, cats, rabbits, and mice are killed in laboratories each year worldwide and are subjected to a myriad of painful procedures. They are burned, starved, shocked, mutilated, kept in isolation, poisoned, drugged, and electrocuted, among other tortures. Although many supporters of vivisection believe that it is necessary to test products on animals in order to ensure that our children are protected from numerous dangers, many doctors do not believe this. Cardiac Surgeon Moneim A. Fadali, M.D. sums up these doctors' beliefs. "Animal models differ from their human counterparts. Conclusions drawn from animal research, when applied to human disease, are likely to delay progress, mislead and do harm to the patient." As mentioned above, the frivolous use of animal fur for coats, hats, and other garments and entertainment such as the violent dog fighting also add to the waste of many animals.
The medicinal use of animals for the benefit of humans, zootherapy, dates all the way back to the medieval period. Many indigenous peoples around the world rely solely on the use of plants and animals for the healing and treatment of their people. These ancient uses of animals have often led to scientific research of the specific uses of animals and compounds developed from animals in modern medicine. The use of leeches is a well-know type of zootherapy that has recently been approved by the FDA. The venom of cone snails is also being studied and used in pain relief for people who suffer from cancer and other painful diseases. Also, there are studies being done on the ability of arctic mammals, such as the arctic ground squirrel, to survive in subzero temperatures during hibernation. Scientists are looking to incorporate this in organ transplants to prolong the life of organs outside the body, and in protecting the brain from ischaemia.
Although the AWA covers animals that are “warm-blooded” since 1972 the USDA does not include rats, mice, or birds to this list. It’s unfair for the rodents and birds to be excluded, because they are warm-blooded, and they are the two most used animals for animal experimentation. (Monamy)
...ella, which can cause death. Polar bears have adapted to a harsh environment we like to call the Arctic tundra.
Companies affirm that cryonics will save many people's lives, but their proclamation is only backed by the hypothesis that technology will be able to finish the cryonics process in the future. Another main way how cryonics companies swindle their clients is the price at which they charge the scientific practice at. For one's full body to be cryopreserved at the company Alcor, it costs a hefty 200,000 dollars. (Alcor page 1.) Alcor is charging this price even without the knowledge of the cryonics process completely working. Along with the 200,000 dollars, there is a 10,000 dollar surcharge fee, and years prior to your procedure, you must pay a 525 dollar annual fee. (Alcor page 1). With all of these fees accounted for the cryonics process at Alcor is very burdensome to one’s economics. In all Cryonics is an unethical scientific practice, falsely advertising the process, and overcharging for the services and procedure.
is hotter or colder, but never actually tell what the absolutes are. This is a
Goldberg, Alan. M. and Thomas Hartung. “ PROTECT MORE THAN ANIMALS.” Scientific American294.1 (2006): 84-91. Health Source – Consumer Edition. EBASCO. Web. 18 Apr. 2011.
If an animal is not vaccinated, they are capable of contracting highly contagious diseases or also,