In veterinary medicine, there are many vaccines that are useful and are needed to fulfill a safe and happy life for all animals. Vaccines are used in veterinary medicine for multiple reasons, the main purpose is help fight future infections from disease-causing agents. To do this, the vaccine must stimulate a protective immune response in the animal. They are also, made to help with infections and lessen the severity of future diseases an animal may develop at any time. If an animal is not vaccinated, they are capable of contracting highly contagious diseases or also, can lead to death if the disease is that severe. Some diseases that animals contract are zoonotic, this means that humans can develop this disease to. If an animal were to get …show more content…
This helps the body in the future so if it were to be attacked by a virus or disease, the cells will recognize and activate a defense to kill them off. Vaccines will also, help neutralize the invading disease more quickly, unlike an animal that did not have the vaccine available to them. With that being said, the mammal will have little, to no clinical signs at all (Carrington College, 2016). The Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus is a RNA virus. It is the formation of syncytial cells in the body of the animal. Although, it’s most common in cattle, it can occur in sheep and goats also. This virus is part of the Paramyxovirus family and is classified as a pneumovirus. It is considered to be a BRD pathogen (Merck Vet Manual, 2015). 3 For the cow to get this virus, it must be exposed to breathing in particles that are formed from other infected cattle in the heard. This can happen through nasal discharge or if a cow breaths to closely to another member in the herd. In the process, the virus will divide into two macrophages which are pneumocytes and aveolar. When this happens, it reduces phagocytosis of the macrophages and will kill or damage the epithelial cells. This virus effects the lungs of …show more content…
Symptoms of this disease is coughing, rapid breathing, discharge from the nose and eyes, swelling near the neck and throat and also, fever. Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus can be found in all ages of cattle, but is most commonly found in calves and dairy cattle. (University of Saskatchewan, N.D). When they have a fever, their temperature usually ranges from one hundred four to one hundred eight. Another common symptom seen with this virus is dyspnea. It’s uncommon for cattle to be open mouth breathing, but with the Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus it may occur (Merck Vet Manual, 2015). The Zoetis Bovi-Shield vaccine is freeze-dried which includes a bovine cell line, and a sterile diluent. To administrate this vaccine, the first step is to shake the bottle very well.
[1, 4, 5, 9, 13] There have been no documented cases where a human has contracted the disease from another human. [4] It appears, based on field and lab data, that infection requires direct contact with the virus through means such as contact with infective bodily secretions, urine, or tissues. [12] It is unknown to scientists how the virus can be maintained in the bat populations and avoids extinction as the host species becomes immune to its presence. [14] The incubation period from time of infection to the onset of symptoms is about 5-14 days in experimentally induced animals [4] and 8-14 days in natural field cases.
Croup: Croup is another common airway inflammation caused by virus that can affect the trachea, larynx and possibility the bronchi (Murray, Sidani, & Zoorob, 2011) thus causing infection in the upper respiratory tract. Murray et al. describes it as the most common illness in children under the age of 6 to 36 months and cause for cough mostly when a child cries; acute stridor and hoarseness in febrile children (Murray et al., 2011). It can be a life-threatening situation in the life of the young infant and the family. Croup symptoms exhibit as hoarseness, barking cough, inspiratory stridor, and respiratory distress. I chose this diagnosis as my first preference because when I read the mother’s subjective report it matches that of croup symptoms: a barking cough, no fever, severe at night and when the baby cries, fatigue due to excessiveness of the tears, pain due to inflames and swollen of the airway. Murray et al., led us to understand that the etiologies of this viral causing agent can be traced to the parainfluenza viruses, type 1. (2011). This virus is commonly spread through contact or droplet secretion.
and ears, and in the mouth and pharynx. The causative virus has been shown to be
Valley fever can cause many different symptoms. The infection mainly affects the lungs. Many of the symptoms resemble symptoms o...
BSE has been seen to progress very slowly in relation to other diseases, however is very contagious and fatal for not only cattle, but humans as well. While many diseases that are transmittable from animals to humans will affect the young or older humans, the median age of those infected with Mad Cow Disease is 26 (2). BSE has been linked to a fatal brain disease in humans referred to as variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease or vCJD. Eating meat from an infected cow is what many presume to be the cause of vCJD in humans (3). Symptoms include movement deficits, memory disturbances and cognitive impairments, all of which lead to an eventual death. The majority of the BSE cases reported have primarily been outside of the United States; from 2003 to 2012 23 cases were identified in North America, 4 of which in the United States (1). This may seem to be a small amount, however because it is believed to be transmitted through the meat of cattle it can be extremely dangerous and be shipped all over the United States before it is ever identified.
Liam is a previously healthy boy who has experienced rhinorrhoea, intermittent cough, and poor feeding for the past four days. His positive result of nasopharyngeal aspirate for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) indicates that Liam has acute bronchiolitis which is a viral infection (Glasper & Richardson, 2010). “Bronchiolitis is the commonest reason for admission to hospital in the first 6 months of life. It describes a clinical syndrome of cough tachypnoea, feeding difficulties and inspiratory crackles on chest auscultation” (Fitzgerald, 2011, p.160). Bronchiolitis can cause respiratory distress and desaturation (91% in the room air) to Liam due to airway blockage; therefore the infant appears to have nasal flaring, intercostal and subcostal retractions, and tachypnoea (54 breathes/min) during breathing (Glasper & Richardson, 2010). Tachycardia (152 beats/min) could occur due to hypoxemia and compensatory mechanism for low blood pressure (74/46mmHg) (Fitzgerald, 2011; Glasper & Richardson, 2010). Moreover, Liam has fever and conjunctiva injection which could be a result of infection, as evidenced by high temperature (38.6°C) and bilateral tympanic membra...
The history of vaccinations does not begin with the first vaccination itself but rather an infectious disease that had greatly affected the human population. In 1796 Edward Jenner created a successful composition using cowpox material that created immunity to the ongoing growth of the small pox disease. Jenner’s method underwent 200 years of medical and technological changes until it had finally resulted in complete elimination of the smallpox disease. Vaccinations have been a controversial medical topic for many years and although it is proven to be an effective means of preventing serious effects, including fatalities from childhood illnesses the controversy remains that the side effects from the immunizations outweigh the risk of contracting the disease. According to the College of Physicians of Philadelphia they state that “innovative techniques now drive vaccine research, with recombinant DNA technology and new delivery techniques leading scientist in new directions. Disease targets have expanded, and some vaccine research is beginning to focus on non-infectious conditions, such as addictions and allergies” (“The History of Vaccines” College of Physicians of Philadelphia. Web. 10 January. 2014). While public health officials insist that vaccines are the best way to protect public health. Over the past thirty years the vaccination schedule has tripled and since then there has been an alarming rise in the infant mortality rate in America. The problem is not the vaccination itself, but the quality of the vaccination.
When researching diseases that affect animals, I chose to research one that deals with cattle. This disease would be a reproductive venereal disease called vibriosis. Vibriosis can affect all breeds of cattle, male or female, and is the most important cause of infertility in female cattle along with occasional abortions. This disease is caused by bacteria that live in the crevices of a bull’s prepuce, of a bull aged four years or older (Hansen, 1914). Age is a factor because the foreskin of a bull does not develop until then. The disease is spread from an infected bull to a cow during breeding. A bull might be clean, but then infected by a cow who was infected by a bull before him. Many bulls can go years without showing any signs of this disease, whereas female cattle may lose a calf to an abortion the next coming calving season.
Vaccines are an integral part of modern preventive medicine. Without vaccines, not only would most malignant epidemics still be around, and the world would also be in a much more polluted era. The streets would be littered with diseased, there would have to be mass graves for the dead, and the healthy would have to be quarantined inside a sterile environment.
(Faddis). Many other doctors agree that vaccines are extremely safe and the best possible way to
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, or BSE, is a degenerative disease affecting the central nervous system of cattle causing the brain to appear as a sponge. The cattle then begin acting abnormally and eventually have to be killed. BSE can be transmitted to humans if they consume raw meat from an infected cow or if one consumes the eyeballs, spinal tissue, or the brain. This disease is known as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Another disease similar to BSE, which is found in sheep, is Scrapie. Scrapie has been around for nearly two hundred years. It is presumed that the Scrapie agent jumped species and moved into cattle when sheep offal, leftover parts of butchered animals, were ground up and used as a protein supplement in cattle feed and the subsequently fed to cattle.
TB is a significant zoonotic disease (a disease of animals which can also infect humans).
FMDV can infect most or all members of the order Artiodactyla (cloven-hooved mammals), as well as a few species in other orders. Each species varies in its susceptibility to infection and clinical disease, as well as its ability to transmit the virus to other animals. Livestock susceptible to FMD include cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, water buffalo and reindeer. Llamas, alpacas and camels can be infected experimentally, but do not appear to be very susceptible. FMDV can also infect at least 70 species of wild animals including African buffalo (Syncerus caffer), bison (Bison spp.), elk, moose, chamois, giraffes, wildebeest, blackbuck, warthogs, kudu, impala, and several species of deer, antelopes and gazelles. Susceptible non cloven-hooved species include hedgehogs, armadillos, kangaroos, nutrias, capybaras, guinea pigs, rats and mice.
Mee, John . "Biosecurity - bioexclusion." Animal Health Ireland. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2014.
People contract the LCM virus by inhaling particles of urine, faeces or saliva of infected rodents like hamsters and mice. LCM has flu-like symptoms including fever, fatigue, headaches, muscle aches, nausea and vomiting and, may even lead to meningitis or encephalitis. Like Toxoplasmosis, LCM can be a neonatal complication.