When a short-circuit fault occurs on a transmission line, it should be located rapidly and correctly in order to repair the faulted section, minimize the transmission line outage time, and restore power delivery as soon as possible. Therefore, development of a robust and accurate fault location technique under various fault conditions is a highly important research area.
In some low power densities areas, utilities are connected to an existing transmission line using a tapped line because of economic advantages. Such a configuration of transmission lines presents great difficulty in the task of fault location when the fault resistance is not negligible due to the infeed currents from different sources.
So far, different fault location algorithms for three-terminal transmission lines have been developed [1–18]. Several algorithms assume data to be available at local terminal known as one-ended fault location techniques [1-3]. Infeed currents and fault resistances are sources of errors in these fault location algorithms. Many other algorithms use data from more than one terminal. In [4] synchronized voltage and current waveforms measured at all three terminals are used to calculate the fault location. The authors utilized the prefault measurements at three terminals to synchronize the waveforms. An alternative approach is presented in [5] which similarly uses measurements from all three terminals of the transmission line but does not require synchronized data from all terminals. Using an iterative algorithm, the synchronization error is estimated and the fault location is obtained. This algorithm considers the lumped model of the transmission line in its calculations. This simplification results in increase of the estimation erro...
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...nal transmission lines using two-terminal synchronized voltage and current phasors”, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 7, no.3, pp. 452- 459, Jul. 2002.
[15] C. Y. Evrenosoglu, A. Abur, “Travelling wave based fault location for teed circuit,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 1115- 1121, April 2005.
[16] M. da Silva, M. Oleskovicz, D. V. Coury, “A Fault Locator for Three-Terminal Lines Based on Wavelet Transform Applied to Synchronized Current and Voltage Signals,” TDC '06. IEEE/PES, pp. 1-6, Aug. 2006.
[17] Z. Q. Bo, A. T. Johns, and R. K. Aggarwal, “A novel fault locator based on the detection of fault generated high frequency transients,” in Proc. IEE Development in Power System Protection Conference, 434, pp. 197-200.
[18] F. H. Magnago, and A. Abur, “Fault location using Wavelets,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 13, pp. 1475- 1479, Oct. 1998.
Knob and tube wiring was state-of-the-art up until around 1950. The main concerns with this old wiring method is overheating, deteriorating insulation, improper connections, and that it is not a grounded system. K&T wiring was ideal for when it was originally designed to hold modest currents. But nowadays the electrical demands for the average house are considerably greater. Sixty years ago t...
The title, Where the Telemetries End, plays on the word “telemetry.” Again, telemetry is the collection of sensory information that is later transmitted by radio waves to another location. Every day we experience events that are sometimes positive and enriching, and others that leave us with emotional scars. Burned into us, is every vivid detail of these events, due to their emotional impact. Think of something that happened to you in the past, something that caused you sadness to the point of tears. I bet you can recall every bit of sensory information that you experienced during that time. Sometimes this sensory information, such as pictures of loved ones or the smell of old clothes, triggers our recollection of such events. If they are especially painful to us, we try to repress these feelings; however, out of thin air they come back to haunt us again and again. This is behavior comparable radio waves, which appear out of thin air and express information. Telemetry, if you will. And so this leaves both the reader and main persona asking, “Where the telemetries end,” and do they
...red testing at Lectromec showed that contaminants, such as water, lavatory fluid, and metal shavings, can create a bridge that can allow energy to unintentionally transfer between wires with cracked or damaged insulation for as long as 25 minutes without tripping circuit breakers. Specifically, the totalizer gauge’s wires on TWA Flight 800 had been improperly soldered together and had subsequently cracked apart, providing another opportunity for an explosive short circuit. During examination of the gauge at Honeywell, it was determined that electrical energy would cross the crack in the solder between the connector pins when slightly more than 270 volts (less than is used in lighting circuits) was applied to one of the pins. Thus, a short circuit from a higher-voltage wire to any corouted FQIS wiring could result in excess energy being transferred to the CWT.
Do you feel like having power is easy as turning on a light switch to to plugging an appliance into the wall maybe you do but after reading this your opinion might change.This research paper will discuss the idea of barehanding and how to work on energized power lines.
On August 14th, 2003, a major blackout swept across portions of the northeastern United States and Canada. It was reported that a series of equipment outages in the Midwest led to uncontrolled cascading outages of power transmission lines and generators serving parts of the Northeast, Midwest and Canada. Automatic protective systems operated to open circuits and shut down power plants to prevent further spread of the outages. This is very similar to what happened in The Great Northeast Blackout of 1965. In both situations, the “grid system” shut down one generator in line at a time to protect a surge from the station before it.
When one maintenance worker caused the loss of one power line, the adjacent power systems connecting Arizona to California were overloaded, shutting down power services for millions of households.... ... middle of paper ... ... Works Cited Hennessey-Fiske, M. (2014, January 6).
If equipment flaw or a defective part is spotted, the damaged machine directly stops, and operators halt production and rectify the identified problem. It is essential ...
United States. Sandia National Laboratories. (2012, April 24). National Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA). Retrieved from http://energy.sandia.gov/?page_id=859
It also requires a protection system in which the sources are interfaced using power electronics, so it definitely needs unique protective solutions to provide functionality. [CERTS03]
· B-phase transformer (EMTU-TT01) · Feedback electronic wattmeter · Multi-range moving-iron ammeter · Instrument voltage transformer THEORY AND INTRODUCTION ----------------------- Transformers are used all over the world to step-up and step-down electricity. The transformer is one of the most commonly used electrical devices. The reason the transformer is so popular is because they range in size from 240V to well over 240kV, stepping -up and stepping-down electricity all over the world.
Thus method can be electrically interpreted as all the nodes to be aggregated are connected together by ideal transformer with transformation ratios that give a common secondary voltage, ▁V_a.
In this paper, I will talk about how AC circuits can be described by considering voltage and current using complex numbers. An AC circuit requires two separate numbers to be able to completely describe it. This is because it takes into account the amplitude and the phase of the current. The fact that complex numbers can be easily added, subtracted, multiplied or divided with each other makes them ideal for this operation where both amplitude and phase have to work together.
The collected data include the transformer location, date and time, transformer failure duration, the disruptions in terms of power supply interruptions, protection accomplishment and transformer repair time etc. From the total failures of 196 units, the age of the population is in range of 2 to 30 years and the average age is 15 years. The number of failures of power transformers per voltage subpopulation during 2009-2013 and their total numbers are tabulated in Table 1. Table 2 shows the number of power transformer failure in various geographical zones during 2009-2013. The power transformer components based failures during 2009-2013 are shown in Table 3.
Power transformers are equipments that demand persistent monitoring and high speed protection, because they are more expensive and susceptible to the efficiency of the electrical power systems [87]. Conformity for other elements of the power system, transformers are exposed for faults. Actually, around 10% of faults occur in power transformers, in which 70% of these faults are result of short circuits in its windings [88]. Transformer faults in cause deterioration, such as the cost correlating with its repair and the cost of energy not provided because of its inaccessibility
Whole system are connected to the main control system / CPU / master controller. So when any fault occur it means whole system would be shut down / power cut.