5.4. Protection of Power Transformer
The protection system of the transformer could be classified as electrical and non electrical protection. The electrical protection means the working principle of the protection based on the current, voltage, or frequency of that appear on the protected zone. The non electrical protection will operate based on the physical conditions of the transformer and the insulation media. These physical conditions could be temperature, air (gas) in the insulation media, etc.
5.4.1. Electrical Protection
Power transformers are equipments that demand persistent monitoring and high speed protection, because they are more expensive and susceptible to the efficiency of the electrical power systems [87]. Conformity for other elements of the power system, transformers are exposed for faults. Actually, around 10% of faults occur in power transformers, in which 70% of these faults are result of short circuits in its windings [88]. Transformer faults in cause deterioration, such as the cost correlating with its repair and the cost of energy not provided because of its inaccessibility
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The turn-to-turn fault, turn-to-earth fault, or other activate internal fault inside the transformer will produce gases in enough quantities to operate this protection device and actuate the operating of circuit breaker. When a fault occurs inside the oil-filled transformer tank, the fault arc generates gases, which increase pressure inside the oil. In the conservator tank building, the pressure existed in the oil is discovered by a pressure vane within the pipe which connects the transformer tank with the conservator. The activity of the vane is exposed by a switch, which can be used to sound an alarm or send the trip contact signal to the circuit breaker. Figure 5.11 show alarm and trip contacts of buchholz
Equipment such as switchgear can be worked on safely by ensuring a range of actions have taken place. The equipment used on the high voltage lines are the same.
...red testing at Lectromec showed that contaminants, such as water, lavatory fluid, and metal shavings, can create a bridge that can allow energy to unintentionally transfer between wires with cracked or damaged insulation for as long as 25 minutes without tripping circuit breakers. Specifically, the totalizer gauge’s wires on TWA Flight 800 had been improperly soldered together and had subsequently cracked apart, providing another opportunity for an explosive short circuit. During examination of the gauge at Honeywell, it was determined that electrical energy would cross the crack in the solder between the connector pins when slightly more than 270 volts (less than is used in lighting circuits) was applied to one of the pins. Thus, a short circuit from a higher-voltage wire to any corouted FQIS wiring could result in excess energy being transferred to the CWT.
Cost reduction via preventive maintenance and remote diagnostics: HVAC systems are among the largest consumers of energy, indicating that these systems can be source of good savings if the overall performance is increased and the faults are detected on time. Cost saving...
The automatic fire sprinkler system was one of the earliest sprinkler systems placed into effect. The origin of the modern day automatic sprinkler system dates back to the early 1800’s. The first automatic sprinkler system was created in England in the 1806 by John Carey. It consisted of a pipe with valves held closed by counterweights attached by string. When flames burned through the string the counterweight dropped to the floor, which opened the valve that released the water and extinguished the fire. As the 1800’s progressed, the basic pipe system for sprinklers was becoming more prevalent across England. It began to pop up in textile mills all through out the country. In 1864, as sprinkler system use grew, Major Stewart Harrison of the 1st Engineer (London) Volunteers invented the first automatic sprinkler head. A few years later two gentlemen by the names of Henry Parmelee of Newhaven, Connecticut, and Frederick Grinnell of Providence, Rhode Island, added to the sprinkler head to give it a more practical application. Parmelee took the automatic sprinkler head and added to it a fusible link that broke at about 160oF. This allowed the system to control which heads broke so the whole system wouldn’t drown the whole structure in water, it would only release where there was sufficient heat to break a head. Grinnell invented a head that could withstand higher water pressures without break as well as distribute water more evenly. Each of these inventions increased the efficiency of the systems greatly. Now in today’s modern fire protection era, automatic sprinkler systems are used to protect everyday buildings around the world. It is most commonly in commercial use buildings. This includes but is not limited to schools, hospitals, ...
The Transformer is in the shape of a car and has a picture of a robot on the bottom of the car. The top of the car was mostly black with some gray trim and had the transformer logo in grey on the hood of the car. The car is approximately 2 to 3 inches in length and about 1 inch wide. There is an imprint of a robot that is mainly light grey with black, blue and red accents on the bottom of the car. The robot is easy to make out because it is prominent from the brown background, although, it took a close examination to make out all the details of the robot. There is also the name of the character under the robot on the bottom of the car. The name of this particular Transformer is Sideways. The Tran...
Pressure relief valves are used to safely contain pressurized gases and liquids. Throughout the years there has been an increased demand for safety in industrial and other related operating practices. These valves are one of the many devices that have been created in conjunction with standardized design and operating practices, for the provision of this very protection. In the past, vessels that now would obviously require relief valves were heated often resulting in drastic increase in pressure within the vessel. This resulted in an extremely dangerous outcome physically for all the parties involved.
chamber used as a control will be used to measure any changes due to air
· B-phase transformer (EMTU-TT01) · Feedback electronic wattmeter · Multi-range moving-iron ammeter · Instrument voltage transformer THEORY AND INTRODUCTION ----------------------- Transformers are used all over the world to step-up and step-down electricity. The transformer is one of the most commonly used electrical devices. The reason the transformer is so popular is because they range in size from 240V to well over 240kV, stepping -up and stepping-down electricity all over the world.
and cause of the leak. If a leakage is determine, this will make the vehicle not
a line attached to the gas main in Willy's house which allows him to snif f the
For the prevantion of the electricity blackout we need to build smart power grid. A modernized electrical grid that uses analog or digital information and communications technology to gather and act on information, such as information about the behaviours of suppliers and consumers is known as a smart grid. This is used to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of the production and distribution of electricity in an automated fashion[12]. The important aspects of smart grid is to electronic power conditioning and control of the production and distribution of
Electrical hazards could include vegetation or equipment fires, electrical burns, or electrocutions to humans or animals. Electrical hazards could take place anywhere near energized conductors or facilities.
Electricity and electrical components are a major part of our lives today. Our lives pretty much come to a halt if there is a power outage or if our electrical devices stop working, sometimes we even start panicking because we are so dependent on these components that we cannot afford to lose them and their importance and use only increases as time passes. We all use these electrical devices and also electricity itself but most of us do not think about the math and physics that works behind all of these things.
often done by electrical discharge in a pure gas - or gas mixture - in a tube.
one foot is touching wet ground, the risk is greater if the arm on the