Review of Condition Diabetes is a disorder of the breakdown of glucose in the body. Glucose levels in the body are maintained through diet and the aid of insulin. Glucose is brought into the body through various types of foods, the most common one being carbohydrates. Once glucose is in the body, it is distributed through the bloodstream with the help of inulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas. In patients with diabetes, either the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the cells the glucose is targeting do not respond appropriately. There are three main types of diabetes: type I, type II, and gestational diabetes. Insulin is a main component in the regulation of the body’s metabolism. Insulin is regulated by digestion processes. At the beginning of digestion, carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and other sugar molecules. Glucose is then directly absorbed into the bloodstream which causes blood glucose levels to peak. At the same time, the pancreas releases insulin to allow the glucose to be absorbed into cells either to be used as energy or stored. Once levels are balanced, the pancreas reduces production of insulin. In a patient with Type II diabetes, insulin may be produced and able to attach to receptor cells but glucose is unable to move into the cell to be used. As the disease progresses, the pancreas is unable to produce sufficient insulin to overcome the resistance. This causes the beta cells to become damaged which results in permanent hyperglycemia (Diabetes- Type 2). Type II diabetes can develop from a variety of sources which may or may not act in conjunction with each other; some of these are: poor diet, family history, low activity levels, ethnicity. Symptoms for Type II diabetes often develop slowly ... ... middle of paper ... ...r Disease Risk in the Offspring of Diabetic Women: The Impact of the Intrauterine Environment. Experimental Diabetes Research, 1-10. Retrieved January 20, 2014, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23133443 MedlinePlus. (2012, June 02). Glucose Tolerance Test: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Retrieved Feb. 3, 2014, from U.S National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003466.htm NIDDK. (2012, June 19). National Diabetes InformationClearinghouse (NDIC). (R. Little , Editor) Retrieved Feb. 03, 2014, from The A1C Test and Diabetes: http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/A1CTest/ Norman, G. D., & Steyn, P. S. (2013). The Intrauterine Device in Women with Diabetes Mellitus Type I and II: A systematic Review. National Center for Biotechnology Information, 1-11. Retrieved January 21, 2014, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24396605
Olson DE, Rhee MK, Herrick K, Ziemer DC. Screening for diabetes and prediabetes with Proposed A1c-based diagnostic criteria. Diabetes Care. July 2010;33(10):2184-2189.
Our body obtains the energy by digesting the carbohydrates into glucose. Volumes of glucose are required by the body to create ATP. ATP is short for 'Adenosine Triphosphate ' and is an energy carrier. When we consume too many carbohydrates our body produces a lot of glucose and as a result blood glucose levels rise and sometimes they may rise over the normal range of blood glucose concentration. To bring it back within the healthy range, the homeostatic system of blood glucose regulation is used. The blood flows through the pancreas where the beta cells, receptors, detect the high blood glucose level. To counteract this stimuli beta cells alert the control centre, which are also the beta cells located in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. The secretion of insulin has to be done quickly but can only be carried out when insulin gene is switched on. Turning on the insulin gene switch can take 30 minutes to an hour therefore, the production of insulin by beta cells are done in advance and are packaged in vesicles right until blood glucose rises. Glucose comes into the beta cell to trigger the vesicle that contains the insulin to move towards the plasma membrane and fuse. This releases the insulin into the bloodstream where they are distributed throughout the body and only affect specific target cells. The receptor, a protein, on the target cell’s plasma membrane recognises and connects
In 2009 the International Expert Committee, which consisted of experts from the American Diabetes Association (ADA), the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, and the International Diabetes Federation, released a report that recommended the use of Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) to diagnose diabetes (American Diabetes Association [ADA], 2013; International Expert Committee, 2009). HbA1c is a widely used marker of chronic glycemia, because it reflects an individual’s average blood glucose levels over a 2-3 month time period (ADA, 2013). Also, HbA1c is largely used as the standard biomarker for the adequacy of individuals’ glycemic management (ADA, 2013; Bao et al., 2010).
Type 2 diabetes is becoming more prevalent worldwide, as of 2013 there were over 387 million people with diabetes and at least ninety percent of them were from type 2 diabetes. How does Type 2 diabetes occur? Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body does not use the insulin properly, formerly called insulin resistance. In the beginning of this process the pancreas makes extra insulin to make up for the “insulin resistance.” But over time your pancreas is not about to make enough insulin to keep you blood glucose levels normal. 14Exactly how Type 2 diabetes occurs is unknown to scientists but they have found that genetics and lifestyle play a role in it. Genetics, although your parents may have this disease it doesn’t necessarily mean you’ll get it for sure but it does raise the likelihood. 16Scientist have found trends in ethnic groups and ages begin to occur in today’s day and age. Type 2 diabetes has been found to be more
World Health Organization. (1965). Diabetes Mellitus: Report of a WHO Expert Committee (Technical Report 310). Retrieved from : http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_310.pdf
When the blood glucose is higher than the normal levels, this is known as diabetes disease. The body turns the food we eat into glucose or sugar and use it for energy. The insulin is a hormone created by the pancreas to help the glucose get into the cells. The sugar builds up in the blood because either the body doesn’t make enough insulin or can’t well use its own insulin (CDC, 2015). In the United States diabetes is known as the seventh leading cause of death. There are different types of diabetes. However, there are two main types of diabetes and these are; Diabetes type 1 and Diabetes type 2 (CDC, 2015).
Type 1 Diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes. Type 2 Diabetes, which my grandmother passed from, is when the body produces insulin but the insulin is ineffective, or there is not enough insulin, and this is usually found in overweight people as they get older. Type 1 Diabetes is a disease where the body’s immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. People with type 1 diabetes cannot produce insulin and require lifelong insulin injections for survival. Type 1 mostly occurs with children and young adults. In type 2 diabetes, overeating and lack of physical activity are very important contributors. Meanwhile, for type 1 diabetes, it's more the exposure to toxins in the environment, possibly viruses, and other external factors that can increase risk to this form of
The 'Standard' of the 'Standard'. Gestational Diabetes. Retrieved from http://www.babycenter.com/0_gestational-diabetes_2058.bc. Bennett, L.B., Bolem, S., Wilson, L.M., Bass, E.B., Nicholson, W.K. (2009). The 'Standard' of the 'Standard'.
You may ask yourself, what is diabetes? Diabetes is usually a lifelong (chronic) disease in which there is a high level of sugar in the blood. To understand that though, you must first understand the job of insulin. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas to control your blood sugar. When you eat, your body turns that food into a sugary substance called glucose. Now your pancreas is supposed to release insulin. However, if you have diabetes, that process doesn’t work, causing ...
The pancreas uses these two hormones in order to monitor blood glucose levels. After a meal, blood glucose usually rises. This is when insulin secretion will start (Nussey S, Whitehead S. “Endocrinology: An Integrated Approach”). Consequently, blood glucose decrease to the normal range. This is how insulin maintains blood levels when is high. However, when blood level falls below normal range, glucagon comes into play. Low blood glucose occurs usually when hungry and during exercise. This will then triggers glucagon secretion. When blood level falls, the body goes into imbalance. Hence is why in order to maintain homeostasis glucagon is crucial. The body will tell the pancreas to increase more glucose and the pancreas will secrete glucagon by taking glycogen from the liver to produce glucose. The glucose will produce energy and will make blood glucose concentration increase (Homeostasis of Insulin and Glucose, Abpischools.org). When the pancreas cannot maintain homeostasis, many problems will arise in the body. When the pancreas fails to produce insulin, type 1 and 2 diabetes can occur. For those with type 1 diabetes, insulin injections will be needed in order to regulate blood glucose level, otherwise, glucose levels will be out of control. For type 2 diabetes, they are not insulin dependent like type 1, however, the body does not create enough in the body. When blood glucose
The beta cells of the islets of Langerhans, in the pancreas, are responsible for the regulation and secretion of insulin (8). The release of insulin from beta cells is stimulated when blood sugar levels rise (3, 6). In T2 diabetes, peripheral tissues, such as muscle and adipose tissue, become resistant to insulin, due to a lowered number of insulin receptors in the tissue, defective activation of the receptors or a combination of both (3). This decrease in sensitivity of peripheral tissues is one of the earliest pathophysiological changes to occurs in T2 diabetes (1, 2, 9). When these cells lose sensitivity to insulin, beta cells are increasingly stimulated to secrete more insulin, to maintain normal blood glucose levels, resulting in hyperinsulinemia (3, 9). This hypersecretion of insulin into circulation as compensation for tissue resistance, places excessive demand and stress on the beta cells, resulting in a deterioration in their ability to normally function (2, 5, 8). As insulin resistance worsens, progressive functional loss of beta cells occurs, eventually resulting in their failure (3, 6, 8). This progressive damage to pancreatic beta cells results in a decrease in insulin secretion into circulation, resulting in an increase in blood glucose levels (1). When failure occurs, the body can no longer
Mpondo, B. C., Ernest, A., & Dee, H. E. (2015). Gestational diabetes mellitus: challenges in
For gestational diabetes, high levels of blood sugar are noticed during prenatal tests. It is quite evident that diabetes as a disease affects the main working demography of a functional society. The average human being is most productive between the ages of 20 years to 55 years. Consequently, the productivity of a society will be affected on several levels. An impact will be felt from an economic and socioeconomic perspective (Crew,
Diabetes Mellitus is a disease in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps the body’s tissues absorb glucose which is sugar, so it can be used as a source of energy. Glucose levels build up in the blood and urine which causes excessive urination, thirst, hunger, and problems with fat and protein metabolism in a diabetic person. Diabetes is very common in the United States; it is the seventh leading cause of all deaths. Women have been diagnosed with diabetes more than men. There are two forms of diabetes, Type one and Type two diabetes. Type one diabetes is when the body does not produce insulin or produces it in very small quantities. This usually occurs in younger people under twenty years of age, mostly around puberty. Type two diabetes is when the body’s balance between insulin production and the ability of cells to use insulin doesn’t work properly. This is more common than type one; about 90-95% people in the United States have it. There are no cures for diabetes now but there are many researchers investigating factors through new technologies to cure them. Meanwhile, technological advancements are being made to keep glucose at a good level for diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes is a condition that affects the way the body processes glucose. I stated things that I can do to lower my chances of having type 2 diabetes is watching what I eat, decreasing the amount of sugar, chips and snacks I consume. I can start now to try to eat more balanced meals and choose healthier snack options. Risk factors that contribute to type 2 diabetes are physical inactivity and moderate body mass index.