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Theories of language acquisition and their influence in early childhood
Theories of language acquisition and their influence in early childhood
Language development in childhood
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⎝ Based on the tables of nouns vs. non-nouns Andrew produces, there are a few ambiguous cases in which some words can either be considered as nouns or verbs. For example, on multiple instances, Andrew enacts imitative verbs of nouns such as, “meow” for the noun kitty and “beep beep” for the noun car. Another instance in which words are categorized as ambiguous is the word “can”. “Can” can also be considered as a nous (“I opened the can”) or a verb (“I can open this”).
a) Describe the distribution of nouns/ pronouns vs. non-nouns at the three ages. What proportion of word types are nouns? What proportion of word tokens are nouns?
- The distribution of nouns/ pronouns is produced less than non-nouns at 14 months by 3 words
- The distribution
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Does the extent of the noun bias change over time? What might be responsible for these changes?
Noun bias is a hypothesis that predicts that nouns are acquired earlier and more than verbs because they are more easy and salient to learn by children (Child Language Acquisition, 2014, p. 58). Based on the data extracted from CLAN, this hypothesis does support Andrew’s lexicon to an extent. Over the 3 ages he is being observed at, Andrew’s production of nouns increase, but the non-nouns he produces, outnumbers the nouns he produces.
1. Reflect.
I believe the most appropriate characterization of noun bias depends on the language the child is acquiring, a parent’s teaching strategy and the words that are expose to the child during early language acquisition. Evidently, this evidence can be seen as very strong in English but weak in the Japanese language. Rowland states that, languages like Japanese consist of more verbs that nouns therefore, noun bias would be seen as a weak hypothesis with children who acquire Japanese as their first language (L1) and in this situation, verbs would outnumber the nouns children produce (Child Language Acquisition, 2014, p.
Hill, Jane H., P. J. Mistry, and Lyle Campbell. The Life of Language: Papers in Linguistics in Honor of William Bright. Berlin [etc.: Mouton De Gruyter, 1998. Print.
The first of these statements offers parameters as the solution to the question of how children are able to learn any language after birth. Baker argues that by simply identifying which parameters are present within a given language, children are able to rapidly acquire an understanding of how to construct and interpret its constituents (Baker 23). While this explanation is accessible to unexperienced readers, it is by no means complete. In his justification for this statement, Baker cites no studies or concrete facts to augment its validity, asking instead for the reader to take his assertion for granted based off of logical reasoning. The presence of parameters is a possible explanation for the process of learning language; however, it is by no means the only explanation and by not addressing and/or disproving the others, the overall strength of his argument is diminished. Another technique employed by Baker to support his thesis is example sentences from different languages that he translates in order to prove the existence of particular parameters. One specific instance of this is when Baker contrasts Mohawk and Japanese phrases in order to illustrate the presence of a fundamental parameter related to possessive and possessed nouns within noun phrases.
The child’s lexical inventory is well developed. She has no troubles with finding words to express her thoughts. Not many words are repeated and that illustrates that she has a vast vocabulary to where she does not have to borrow words. She does not over or under extend the usage of her words.
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman, and Nina Hyams. An Introduction to Language. 8th ed. Boston: Thomson, 2007.
Investigating the Relationship Between the Number or Letters in a Word and the Number of Arrangements of the Letters There Are
Issue No. 1 -. 33, 32, and a. Vol. 1, No. 1 -. 1, 1973; no. 2, 1974. California State College, Sonoma, Dept. of Education. of the English language of the country. Roseman, Ellen.
... (p. 116). In her article, “Babies Prove Sound Learners,” Sohn (2008), states, “Such studies show that, up to about 6 months of age, babies can recognize all the sounds that make up all the languages in the world” (para.24). B.K. Skinner suggest that the materialization of language is the result of imitation and reinforcement. According to Craig and Dunn (2010), “Language development is linked to cognitive development that, in turn, depends on the development of the brain, on physical and perceptual abilities, and on experiences. Biological and social factors also jointly influence the early development of emotion and personality” (p. 117). In her article, A natural history of early language experience. Hart (2000), states, “Talking is important for children, because complexity of what children say influences the complexity of other people’s response” (para. 1).
Child development language is a process by which children come to communicate and understand language during early childhood. This usually occurs from birth up to the age of five. The rate of development is usually fast during this period. However, the pace and age of language development vary greatly among children. Thus, the language development of a child is usually compared with norms rather than with other individual children. It is scientifically proven that development of girls language is usually at a faster rate than that of boys. (Berk, 2010) In other terms language development is also a crucial factor that reflects the growth and maturation of the brain. However, this development usually retards after the age of five making it very difficult for most children to continue learning language. There are two major types of language development in children. These include referential and expressive language development styles. In referential language development, children often first speak single words and then join the words together, first into –word sentences and then into th...
"Linguistics 201: First Language Acquisition." Linguistics 201: First Language Acquisition. Western Washington University, n.d. Web. 8 Sep. 2013. .
Next, we shall evaluate the key features of language which are; communicative, arbitrary, structured, generative, and dynamic. Communicative, language can allow one to interact with another. According to Willingham (2007), the bond found with the elements in language and what they mean is arbitrary. The way language is set up shows how the symbols are not arbitrary. The set up language shows precisely how intricate it can be. Generative, one is able to build countless number of meanings from words. Dynamic, language never stays the same, therefore it can be known as sporadic. According to Willingham (2007), changes are being made all the time as new words get added and as the ways of grammar change. These elements can be quite critical when it comes to language.
In the late 1950s, Skinner asserted that learning happens by children constructing theories, and receiving data to prove or disprove them. Induction is the process of hypothesis formation and confirmation. To explore children’s linguistic hypotheses we must look at the primary linguistic data, or PLD. This is the information available to a language learner, through their experience of the language. This constitutes positive evidence, as it provides tangible examples to the child.
Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G., Svartvik, J. (1985) A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, Essex: Longman Ltd.
Children’s acquisition of language has long been considered one of the uniquely defining characteristics of human behaviour.
Analogical change can also occur on the morphological markers of a word, such as verb agreements. This change can be observed between the Old English and Modern English conjugation of the verb to sing and impacts the complexity of the paradigm, making the Modern English form recognisably more uniform.
113-117. 151-195. The. English: A Linguistic Tool Kit, (2012), (U214, Worlds of English, DVD ROM), Milton Keynes, The Open University. English in the World, (2012), (U214, Worlds of English, DVD ROM), Milton Keynes, The Open University.