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Education inequality in america
Education inequality theory
Education inequality in america
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The article I chose to research is entitled Cultural Code-Switching: Straddling the Achievement Gap by Jennifer Morton. It was published in September 2014 and placed in the journal of political philosophy, with regards to education as well. The goal of the article was to point out the inequality that comes with the educational achievement gap and how to begin to fix the issue that has arisen. Morton explains that political, institutional, and structural factors lead to the segregation of poverty in minority communities because of their lack of access to educational and health service, reliable public transportation, and job (Morton 275). Morton recognizes that the achievement gap goes much deeper than the education realm and she believes However, the students that are on the lower end of the achievement gap are caught between being members of a disadvantaged community and aspiring to be a part of the middle class. This causes them to have to adapt to the communities that they are a part of. This act of adapting to the difference in normative expectations is what Morton refers to as “straddling the gap” or “code switching”. These students not only have to navigate differences in language and dress codes but they have to switch dispositions to ones that are unfamiliar to them, which can come into conflict with those at home (Morton 276). There are benefits to the code-switching that these students do. For example, multicultural societies are characterized by the intermingling of cultural communities and the students who belong to different communities have the greatest position to help new relationships form between them (Morton 277). However, educational systems are being used to potentially alienate the students from their communities values and relationships in order to form them for a labor market. Morton believes that “whether educational institutions are justified in undertaking the task of rectifying this injustice by shaping a However, she points the fact that for many students, code-switching is a necessity born of unjust socio-economic conditions. That is to say that there are some students and citizens that don’t have a choice to code-switch or not if they wish to rise in the socio-economic class. Although the ability to encourage students to code-switch in their educational realms seems to be the remedy for the achievement gap, it can be dangerous. If the students engages in compartmentalization of their cultures, it shields their behavior and is easily swayed by the demands of the job market, even if the beliefs and customs of the job markets do not line up with the values of the home (Morton
In Verhsawn Ashanti Young’s article titled, “Nah, We Straight: An argument Against Code Switching,” he makes his objectives clear as he argues against people Right to their own language. The author questions the advantage of standard American English as opposed to other types of English. He refers to those aspect as code switching, which he believes can lead to racist thinking. Code switching, according to Young, calls out for one way of speaking to be omitted in favor of others, based on one's rhetorical situations. The author points out that students are required to translate from Afro-American English or Spanglish to standard English and not the other way around, which is concerning. Youngs method to get around this segregation is the usage
Jonathan Kozol, an award winning writer, wrote the essay “Still separate, Still Equal” that focuses on primary and secondary school children from minority families that are living in poverty. There is a misconception in this modern age that historical events in the past have now almost abolished discrimination and segregation for the most part; however, “schools that were already deeply segregated
Kozol addresses the horrific conditions of the institution, student’s feelings and emotions toward the lack of opportunity they feel that are not available to them, inconsistent staffing of teachers and lack of college preparation classes available to them. Students voiced their thoughts in regards to the lack of courses available, horrific school conditions with lack of bathrooms available to them. The large campus that could take up to fifteen minutes to arrive at the next class, inconsistent staff which hinder learning. Beverly Hills High School, a technical arts requirement, could be met by taking classes such as broadcast journalism, advanced computer graphics, carving and sculpture to name a few (709) compared to Fremont High offering sewing, hair dressing and life skills. It is quite apparent that the same opportunity is not available due to socioeconomic class and location of Fremont High School. The opportunities that even I was offered in small, country school are absent from Fremont High School and that in fact is distressing. One’s educational possibilities should not be limited due to socioeconomic class. All Americans should have educational opportunities readily available to
As a result of many negative stereotypes associated with certain variations of English many students have adapted codeswitching. When this concept came up in the book it made me think about my own language. I realized that I code switch quite often between what is seen as Standard English and African American English or Ebonics. Usually with family or other friends that speak Ebonics I use that Ebonics to communicate, but when I am in school, in a
In William Wells Brown’s Clotel, the use of code switching aids in the escape of two slaves and prevents a free slave from paying an unfair price for riding aboard a train. Code switching is also represented by a slave in the manner used by most – to fit in amongst a group of people and to speak on their level. Nearly everyone utilizes the concept of code switching, from scholars to athletes, from Americans to Africans. Code switching portrays a universal concept and an important part of our society. Without the utilization of code switching, people would have a harder time understanding one another, and social gatherings involving different groups of people would not be as comfortable.
When people in todays society code-switch, we enhance our character and overall roundness to ourselves. There are instances where people code-switch to communicate with others in a different language, or we change our tone with certain groups of people. Speaking multiple languages in a household, can lead to a lot of code-switching because you can have that one relative who can’t speak english, so you become a “translator” to help them with daily tasks. Even though code-switching can happen with different languages, the most common code-switching is used when speaking to different groups of people. Talking to an adult would have a different type of tone, rather than speaking to one of your friends. Code-switching is used to help strengthen
When you are eating food, you have taste buds-which are sensitive. The taste buds are on your tongue, which then they send a message to the brain, where the brain receives it. This action tells you what is happening with your body. Looking at Richard Rodriguez And Bell Hooks essays, which they show the struggles that they went through during their time, when they were growing as a people. The ability to code-switch was a struggle for Rodriguez and Hooks, who came from a different discourse community, which the power of language had already perceived their identity. The term code switching means switching personalities among certain discourse communities, and the use of language to define us in every day life. We often face code switching in everyday life, but we must acknowledge- when it is happening. Having the ambition to overcome our struggles is already hard enough, even though it could be in school: work: among our own family. Doesn’t the power of language perceived our identity?
For example, when trying to talk to a typical student about a test, he or she might say “I do not care, forget about it.” However, as the years went by, I realized that I was overestimating myself. The issue was that I completely focused on the academic discourse. As a result, I rarely had the opportunity to experience a social discourse in my community, which meant I lacked the ability to mingle with my friends. In “Home and Away: The Tensions of community, literacy, and identity,” Bronwyn T. Williams writes to researchers and teachers so that they understand that various backgrounds cause students to learn distinctly. Specifically, the family background tends to affect this academic discourse. In order to achieve this aim, he uses three moves: referencing other work, comparing and contrasting, and proposing a policy. After reading his work, I question how my former peers managed to succeed in class while balancing the academic and social
The achievement gap is defined as the disparity between the performance groups of students, especially groups defined by gender, race/ethnicity, ability and socio-economic status. The achievement gap can be observed through a variety of measures including standardized test scores, grade point averages, drop out rates, college enrollment and completion rates. The Black-White achievement gap is a critical issue in modern society’s education system. Although data surrounding the issue clearly indicates that the racial performance gap exists in areas of standardized tests, graduation rates, dropout rates, and enrollment in continuing education, the causative reasons for the gap are ambiguous—therefore presenting a significant challenge in regard to the most effective way to close the gap. The gap appears before children enter kindergarten and it persists into adulthood (Jencks 1998). Since 1970, the gap has decreased about 40 percent, but has steadily grown since. Theories suggest the Black-White achievement gap is created by a multitude of social, cultural, and economic factors as well as educational opportunities and/or learning experiences. Factors such as biased testing, discrimination by teachers, test anxiety among black students, disparities between blacks and whites in income or family structure, and genetic and cultural differences between blacks and whites have all been evaluated as explanations for the Black-White achievement gap (Farkas 2004). The research that follows will elaborate on these factors as they affect the decline in academic performance of black males—particularly the literacy achievement of black males.
America is home for thousands of cultures and languages. Most people can speak at least two different languages either because of the environment and family or simply by taking another world language class in school. One of the advantages with knowing more than one language is that code-switching becomes a part of you and it happens naturally. In “‘ I Don’t ‘Code-Switch’ to Hide my Identity. I ‘Code-Switch’ to celebrate It,”’ Vaidehi Mujumdar states that code-switching is enriching and exciting based on her personal experience. In “learning How to Code-Switching: Humbling, But Necessary,” Eric Deggans claims that code-switching is valuable and necessary in everyday lifestyle and it is lot more than just being about cultural differences. If one were to put Deggans and
As education plays a key role in the opportunities one is afforded in life it is clear that minorities and other poor people whom live in school districts that receive less funding are at a disadvantage. Having less access to opportunity and quality education means that these already oppressed and impoverished people will not be ready to enter advantaged careers but instead will be routed into lower paying jobs and ultimately lower socioeconomic status and capitol. As of result of these factors these very same people are more likely to be criminalized and have involvement with the judicial
Richard Rodriguez’s The Achievement of Desire puts a very unusual point of view on how to look at the education system and how it affects the everyday person. Rodriguez talks immensely about the term he uses called “The Scholarship Boy.” He claims that the scholarship boy is technically defined as a student who is extremely talented but is changed by the school environment. This means that they (the students) can be extremely cultured at home but as soon as they start learning about other cultures through the education process, they change remarkably. Doing this can cause a lot of things to go right or wrong in the ones culture back home. It can cause problems between the kids and parents, siblings and siblings or even the parents at each
Tests measuring students’ achievement demonstrate that particular groups of students score far below students of other groups. Records indicate that the discrepancy in the academic dominance of certain groups over other groups is strongly associated with socio-economic status, with lower achieving students typically hailing from increased poverty-stricken backgrounds. While poverty is exclusive to no one particular ethnicity, it exists in disproportionately high rates among Hispanic and Black communities and their students. The root of this gap in educational achievement has been shown to be multi-faceted, with origins undoubtedly dating back centuries (EdSource, 2003).
In society, education can be seen as a foundation for success. Education prepares people for their careers and allows them to contribute to society efficiently. However, there is an achievement gap in education, especially between Hispanics and Blacks. In other words, there is education inequality between these minorities and white students. This achievement gap is a social problem in the education system since this is affecting many schools in the United States. As a response to this social problem, the No Child Left Behind Act was passed to assist in closing this achievement gap by holding schools more accountable for the students’ progress. Unsuccessful, the No Child Left Behind Act was ineffective as a social response since schools were pushed to produce high test scores in order to show a student’s academic progress which in turn, pressured teachers and students even more to do well on these tests.
Three structural inequalities that are in affect are education, income and the justice system. All three of these inequalities play a functioning role together and ultimately can ruin or cause hardship in a person’s life. The group that is mostly affected with these inequalities are African Americans and Latinos/Latinas. The first of these inequalities is education. Education is a serious structural inequality because now days it affects the majority of how you are seen in society and how you do financially. One of the problems with education is quality of the schools in poor neighborhoods. The schools in poor neighborhoods are unfit for learning. These “Schools in poor districts have inadequate facilities, materials, and personnel” (Wood).