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Operant Conditioning
Chapter 11 psychology 101
Operant Conditioning
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Recommended: Operant Conditioning
Tahlea Capps
PSY 101
Critical Thinking/Reflection Essay
At the start of this semester I wasn’t sure what to expect. The last attempt I made to take Psychology 101 was eighteen years ago, just out of high school, fresh into junior college. That class was overwhelming, not to mention boring, and I was not able to wrap my head around the information. I did end up withdrawing from the class. So, at the start of this semester I was nervous that this experience might be similar. I can honestly say it was not! My instructor made the material interesting, fun, and left me excited to return to class the next week. There were many topics that were covered throughout this semester. And a few of the chapters, Learning, Life Span Development, and Motivation and Emotion really resonated with me. Concepts I learned within in these chapters really got me thinking and some I am even trying to apply to my life now.
Within the Learning chapter, I found operant conditioning not only interesting but actually useful. During class we discussed the different types of reinforcement and punishment. Shortly after that class I tried these techniques at home with my children. The next time my four year old did not do as we asked, I told him that he would not have any television, phone, or nook privileges. He continued to not listen and he did get his “screen time” taken away. The next time he was asked to take care of that particular task, he did not argue and completed it without hesitation, knowing that if he did not there would be a consequence/punishment. When my daughter came home late, past her curfew, we took away her driving privileges for the next weekend in hopes to discourage her from breaking curfew in the future. I did not realize this but I...
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...mom always said to me, do a good job for you and not for anyone else. If you know that you could do better than it is not good enough. You should always be able to take pride in what you do and never be ashamed to say “I did that, that was my work”. I will pass this on to my children because it is true. Personal satisfaction feels better and motivates me more than any monetary or material token.
These are just a few of the concepts I have learned in psychology 101 that I will take with me and apply my life. I started out taking this course because it was a requirement but I continued the course because it was interesting and it taught me a little bit about myself, my family, and us as human beings. I can, and will, use what I have learned this semester in psychology 101 to understand others a little bit better and to better myself in various aspects of my life.
In second grade I was apart of a wild classroom. Their was a lot of chaos from all the young children. My teacher struggled to get everyone on task and to complete our work. After some time my teacher decided to make up a reward system (positive reinforcement). The children in the classroom were able to earn tickets for doing their homework, being respectful, and many other things. We were able to save these tickets and cash them in on fridays for treats, toys, or even sometimes extra recess. The teacher had a separate system for when we misbehaved. There were 3 colors you could earn everyday. If you weren’t on task, out of your seat, or just being disruptive she would change your color from green to yellow. If it happened again you got a red card and lost your tickets you earned for that day. This is a perfect example of positive punishment. It gave each child an opportunity to earn tickets for good behavior, and a warning system with the cards that possibly would lead to losing your earned tickets. Our teacher was using operant conditioning to produce a change in our
With the first day of any core class there is a slight apprehension to what can be held within the semester ahead. The moment I stepped out of the classroom after the first day, I came to the realization this class was going to change me as a person. Through many readings, discussions, movies and personal opinion papers my values, knowledge, and future actions have both changed and strengthened. Three questions have been answered throughout the semester, Who am I? What do I know? and Based on what I know how should I act? Human behavior has enlightened me with issues that I can personally relate to and the effect has easily been the most beneficial compared to any other core class I have taken.
Behavior modification is based on the principles of operant conditioning, which were developed by American behaviorist B.F. Skinner. In his research, he put a rat in a cage later known as the Skinner Box, in which the rat could receive a food pellet by pressing on a bar. The food reward acted as a reinforcement by strengthening the rat's bar-pressing behavior. Skinner studied how the rat's behavior changed in response to differing patterns of reinforcement. By studying the way the rats operated on their environment, Skinner formulated the concept of operant conditioning, through which behavior could be shaped by reinforcement or lack of it. Skinner considered his discovery applicable to a wide range of both human and animal behaviors(“Behavior,” 2001).
Over the course of this class I have pieced together many things about my own life that before went unnoticed. I am now able to see things in a bit of a different light. Now that I have been introduced to the realm of psychology I understand some of the reasons for behavior around me. I have learned that there is a reason for most everything and a lot of our behaviors and mental processes can be explained through psychology. Studies have been conducted for many years to try and pinpoint the source of our behavior and it is not something that most people think about every day. Having a better understanding of why we operate the way we do will help me to better understand myself and the others around me.
I have learned a lot from this class such as when it is proper to use a Simi colon and a colon. Another thing that helped me out is how to manage stress by doing breathing exercises from an article I read in my UNI 120 class. It created a way for me to handle stress in a positive way. The third important information I’ve erudite was how to solve integral equation in my MAT 210 in which I was excited to learn. I hope to learn even more next semester from my PSY 101 because I love learning about the thought process of how humans think. What I have learned about myself this semester is that I am very social, responsible, and always positive. All these characteristics gave me the capability to be successful this
The ability to reflect critically on one’s experience, integrate knowledge gained from experience with knowledge possessed, and take action on insights is considered by some adult educators to be a distinguishing feature of the adult learner (Brookfield 1998; Ecclestone 1996; Mezirow 1991). Critical reflection is the process by which adults identify the assumptions governing their actions, locate the historical and cultural origins of the assumptions, question the meaning of the assumptions, and develop alternative ways of acting (Cranton 1996). Brookfield (1995) adds that part of the critical reflective process is to challenge the prevailing social, political, cultural, or professional ways of acting. Through the process of critical reflection, adults come to interpret and create new knowledge and actions from their ordinary and sometimes extraordinary experiences. Critical reflection blends learning through experience with theoretical and technical learning to form new knowledge constructions and new behaviors or insights.
While the semester is over and the deadline has expired, I thought I would write this to express my true intended thoughts.
First of all, I was highly interested in the concept and various factors that together make up positive reinforcement. I had a premise that I could do some experimental work on the three children for whom I baby-sit during the week after school. They leave school full of energy and it is my job to get them to complete a series of tasks before the end of the evening. I imagined that some positive reinforcement might get them on their way to handling their responsibilities in a timelier manner. My first step was to come up with a specific instrumental response that would produce reinforcement. This took no time at all because by far the most painfully difficult thing for me to do is get the children to sit down and do their homework. I then spoke specifically to each child and asked them what they would rather choose as an after school activity. They named video games, television, and going to play with other neighborhood children. I had expected these types of answers from the children and made them into the positive reinforcers that would be contingent on the children’s performance of the instrumental response; namely completing their homework. I explained to the children that if they behaved and finished their homework, then directly following they could spend an hour doing an activity of their choice.
Skinner’s theory operant conditioning is a theory that I feel most can say they agree with or they like the way he thinks. Speaking for myself I think his theory of operant conditioning is right on point. Although as I said in my discussion last week a lot of his theories and experiments were done on animals and not a lot done on humans and I think that plays a big part in his theory of why I agree and disagree with it. I only disagree because of the simple fact that humans are completely different from animals, obviously. What I do agree with in his theory are the positive and negative reinforcements, and the positive and negative punishments because although those were tested on animals as well a lot of that can relate to humans and how we act as far as our behavior. In my own opinion of his theory I feel like his operant conditioning would work rather well on children. I know for instance as positive reinforcement for my son I will give him a snack that he loves if he doesn’t act like a wild monkey in the store. Therefore, I see it working better on children rather than adults. In the video I watched from week 5 of operant conditioning in the first video he talks about how the bird received a reward every time the bird pecked or turned but he also says that this worked very well with the bird because every time he pecked and turn he didn’t get a reward each time only
McAllister, L. W., Stachowiak, J. G., Baer, D. M., & Conderman, L. (1969). The application of operant conditioning techniques in a secondary school classroom1. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 2(4), 277-285. doi:10.1901/jaba.1969.2-277
Recently when I get extremely overwhelmed or stressed I can relate what we learned in class to my experience and in a way it helps me get a better picture of what I’m dealing with and how I should approach the problem. It probably sounds silly and fake but this class has really helped me deal with difficult situations in a more effective way. Not only can I relate to the topic of stress personally but I can also relate to almost every topic we have gone over. I’ve learned a lot more from this class than I expected since the beginning of the semester and the material I’ve learned will definitely stay relevant to me even after I graduate. I am no longer a psychology minor, and I’m not sure what other psychology classes could have offered me but I am glad I choose this class and that at least one class I took as an undergraduate is actually going to be relevant to me outside of the
I think it is important, and even more so after this course, to look holistically at psychological conditions and states and at the interactions between biological, cognitive, social, and environmental factors and how they contribute to psychological health or disorder. I have become particularly fascinated by the concepts surrounding the biopsychosocial perspective and of psychoneuroimmunology. The latter is extremely interesting and seems potentially revolutionary in how we conceptualize or utilize the mind-body connection. I now intend to take more advanced classes related to that as I progress though my academic career. I also hope to take classes and learn more about developmental psychology and social psychology. Stemming from these personal interests, although the text and some of the films did expound on this, if there is anything I wish the course had gone over more it would be related to exploring in even greater depth how culture and environment can shape psychology both cognitively and physically. Understanding and researching the multitude of components involved in overall health would benefit and contribute significantly to public health policy, I believe. This course did, however, provide a good foundation to pursue further knowledge
Throughout this course I have learned a lot about psychology. I will talk about how it affected me personally, socially, organizationally/societal, and the lasting impact it had in my life.
Knowledge is generated through critical and creative thinking. Creative thinking is something new or original that is created with value. Critical thinking is a type of thinking that questions assumptions and validates or invalidates a current belief or something that is said to be previously true. Knowledge is created through the culmination of generally accepted assumptions and creativity. How do you separate general assumptions and creativity? These two types of thinking can be easily separated in regards to concrete or realistic ideas compared to abstract or original ideas however to generate new, acceptable knowledge critical and creative thinking must interact together. The questioning of established beliefs with the creation of unorthodox new ideas will expose the most beneficial knowledge for the world.
Critical thinking is a significant and essential topic in recent education. The strategy of critical thinking skills helps identify areas in one's courses as the suitable place to highlight, expand and use some problems in exams that test students' critical thinking skills.