VALIDITY
Creswell (2002) has explained different perspectives of validity, from the use of use of qualitative equivalent to their quantitative pars in experimental and survey research (LeCompte & Goetz, 1982) to the use of a metaphorical form of validity as a crystal (Richardson & St. Pierre, 2005). Even if some researches do not prioritize the use of validation in their studies, like Wolcott (1990), for the purposes of this research, instead of focusing into a single perspective, we will focus on their strategies.
Creswell and Miller (2000) suggest eight different strategies for validity. This research utilized four of them; triangulation, peer review, member checking and the use of external audits. For example, for triangulation (Fielding
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First, it was normal for me since I thought they would only help them with information about the different types of universities, tests, visas and costs. However, these agencies, which are profit, are also in charge of other activities. For example, writing personal statements and resumes. I personally considered that plagiarism. However, I decided not to take any action since my main goal was to conduct the research and understand their motivators. As Ary, Jacobs & Razavieh, (2002) stated, I had to think again what was my main role and goal when learning this information and decide what to do. Unlike Bourgois’ (1991) study, this took place in an American university in the U.S. where the feasibility of research relations, access and data collection with the participants was covered without any political and historical constraints. Overall, I covered the most relevant ethics codes, suggested by the American Anthropological Association (http://ethics.aaanet.org/category/statement/), when doing qualitative research. For example, all my participants signed an informed consent form, which explains my research and goals, and they kept a copy of it. Moreover, I have ensured the protection of records, transcripts and other materials that revealed information about my participants and their identity.
DATA
2.) We began our study by interviewing a classmate, then interviewing another PLHS student for homework and recording our data. We then proceeded to fill out a Google form, which aided us in planting the anonymous data in a data table and combining it. Following that, we sorted and graphed the data by gender and ethnicity to see how different groups responded to each inquiry. Upon doing th...
Anthropological researchers have considerable moral and ethical standards by which their work must be conducted in order to preserve the accuracy and the posterity of the information gathered during the study and also to the persons or cultures of which they study. These two important parts of anthropology – the research and those being researched – can be conflicting. The Code of Ethics of the American Anthropological Association presents itself as a body of guidelines for discussing these ethical and moral conflicts. This allows for researchers in the field of anthropology to have a foundation for understanding what decisions must be made regarding these ethical and moral conflicts and to whom the disclosures of those decisions should be made.
The code helps them identify different situations and gives them professional ways to manage them. Most importantly, the code sets the guidelines of the nursing profession. This paper will summarize some of the aspects of the code of ethics for nurses including: Privacy and Confidentiality, Respect for Human dignity, Delegation of nursing activities, Health needs and concerns, and Responsibilities to the public.
The sampling procedures that can be utilized in evaluation research is vast. The selected sampling procedure is important in the consideration of external validity. External validity generalizes the findings to individuals in the study sample with characteristics that are alike (DiClemente et al., 2013). Although, not all research studies will require a sampling procedure that would deliver an external validity.
There are ethical implications at every stage of the research process, including the choiceof topic to research, the selection of the design and the publication of the findings. There are 6 etical principles (ICN 2003) the health care professionals can use to guard their patients (or) clients from harm.
The framework used to critique the literature is Caldwell et al. (2005). It comprises ...
As a student new to social work, The Code of Ethics written by the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) is in the forefront of my mind whenever practicing my freshly learned skills. According to the Code, these rules were written as the “values, principles, and standards to guide social workers’ conduct” (Code of Ethics - NASW, n.d.). Within my most-recent session, certain aspects of this code were relevant, including informed consent, privacy and confidentiality, a commitment to the client, the dignity and worth of a person, the importance of human relationships, integrity and competency of the worker, and social diversity.
Similarly, the International Council of Nurses Code of Ethics consists of four elements that state the nurse’s obligations towards the patient, people, practice, and co-workers (International Council of Nurses of Nurses (ICN), 2012). The National Student Nurses Association Codes of Ethics focuses on the students nurse conduct in the student world and in the clinical field, it also focuses on advocacy, professionalism, care, and leadership in the field (NSNA, 2017). The ICN, ANA, and NSNA Code of ethics focuses on promoting health, preventing illness, restoring health and alleviating suffering to patients in a culturally sensitive matter. All three codes stress the importance of safe guarding patient, family, and the community when their care is endangered by a healthcare professional. Similarly to the ANA and ICN codes the NSNA code of ethics also clarifies that students will refrain from performing certain skills or procedures without proper education (NSNA, 2017,p.6). These provisions or codes will help ensure patient safety and proper reporting when patient health is at
“Ethics is a systematic study of principles of right and wrong conduct” (Taylor, Lillis, Lynn, & LeMone, 2015, p. 96). The American Nurses Association Code of Ethics has nine provisions to it. All nine are important to the nursing field in their own way. There are two provisions that I find most important in helping my career as a nurse. Provision one, The nurse, in all professional relationships, practices with compassion and respect of the inherent dignity, worth, and uniqueness of every individual, unrestricted by considerations of social or economic status, personal, attributes, or the nature of health problems. Secondly provision two, the nurse’s primary commitment is to the patient whether an individual, family, group, or community.
Ethics refers to the values and customs of a community at a particular point in time. At present, the term ethics is guided by the moral principles that guide our everyday actions. These moral principles guide the researcher into deciding what is ‘right’ or ‘wrong’. The foundation of medical ethics is governed by two philosophical frameworks that are deontology, and utilitarianism. However ultimately the ethics committees need to balance the risks, and benefits for the participants and the community associated with the particular research proposal. This balance is quite important as the well being of participants is at risk.7
The articles, published after 1996, contain varied methods of research attainment, but share similarities such as being a self-survey, having a small sample size, and being
This article hasn’t provided an introduction; however a lengthy summary of the study which identifies the problem, purpose and rationale for the research study has been provided in the background. The introduction should give the reader a general sense of what the document is about, and preferably persuade the reader to continue reading. This prepares the reader for reading the rest of the document (Burns & Grove, 2001 p.636; Nieswiadomy, 2008 p.380; Stockhausen and Conrick, 2002).
The father of quantitative analysis, Rene Descartes, thought that in order to know and understand something, you have to measure it (Kover, 2008). Quantitative research has two main types of sampling used, probabilistic and purposive. Probabilistic sampling is when there is equal chance of anyone within the studied population to be included. Purposive sampling is used when some benchmarks are used to replace the discrepancy among errors. The primary collection of data is from tests or standardized questionnaires, structured interviews, and closed-ended observational protocols. The secondary means for data collection includes official documents. In this study, the data is analyzed to test one or more expressed hypotheses. Descriptive and inferential analyses are the two types of data analysis used and advance from descriptive to inferential. The next step in the process is data interpretation, and the goal is to give meaning to the results in regards to the hypothesis the theory was derived from. Data interpretation techniques used are generalization, theory-driven, and interpretation of theory (Gelo, Braakmann, Benetka, 2008). The discussion should bring together findings and put them into context of the framework, guiding the study (Black, Gray, Airasain, Hector, Hopkins, Nenty, Ouyang, n.d.). The discussion should include an interpretation of the results; descriptions of themes, trends, and relationships; meanings of the results, and the limitations of the study. In the conclusion, one wants to end the study by providing a synopsis and final comments. It should include a summary of findings, recommendations, and future research (Black, Gray, Airasain, Hector, Hopkins, Nenty, Ouyang, n.d.). Deductive reasoning is used in studies...
...the data did not involve member checking thus reducing its robustness and enable to exclude researcher’s bias. Although a constant comparative method was evident in the discussion which improved the plausibility of the final findings. Themes identified were well corroborated but not declared was anytime a point of theoretical saturation Thus, the published report was found to be particularly strong in the area of believability and dependability; less strong in the area of transferability; and is weak in the area of credibility and confirmability, although, editorial limitations can be a barrier in providing a detailed account (Craig & Smyth, 2007; Ryan, Coughlan, & Cronin, 2007).
Likewise, in order to validate construct validity, Malhotra et al. (2012) recommends that in conducting research, researchers should use multi versus single-item scales to validate data from experiments, depending upon the complexity of the experiment. Malhotra et al. (2012) also recommends using a step-by-step approach ...