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Impact of ethics on decision making
Impact of ethics on decision making
Pros and cons of cost benefit analysis
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The basic premise behind what cost-benefit analysis, also known as CBA, is based on a rejection of ethical evaluations that have been based on the assumptions of abstract moral principles. In this sense, CBA presents a differentiation from those ethical intentions that are underlined by principles based on logical argumentation, rather than experience based on the real world. Furthermore, these notions present an assumption that there can be a morally guided justification that is based on relevant interpretations of those events that have been presented as such. What sets cost benefit analysis apart from other forms of ethical frameworks is, in part, its presentation of ethics based on a model that takes into account applied investments, …show more content…
In terms of feasibility, the circumstances that are presented in decisions made through CBA must have an outcome that is possible to achieve. In other words, it is not based on abstract notions of justification such as virtues or ideals. Rather, a cost benefit analysis will be presented through notions that are viable to the natural world, which can be measured or understood easily. Cost benefit analysis attempts to create a method to make a decision. In other words, it provides a basic structure to compare two choices. This is with the purpose of creating a more informed decision that can allow a more efficient system of judgment concerning wide-ranging circumstances. These circumstances are carefully considered, and weighed to come to a conclusion about the effectiveness of each decision. Therefore, the idea of cost benefit analysis is basically a consideration of which option in any dilemma will have the most desired outcome. This is the total cost of the option carefully considered in relation to the expected benefits that the outcome of the choice to be. In this way, it is separated fundamentally from other forms of ethical inquiry. Rather than being fundamentally concerned with what is considered to be right or wrong, it is concerned with what the outcomes of certain actions will …show more content…
Governments, as well as businesses, use the system in order to analyze the potential outcomes of certain policies or procedures. Therefore, the representations of these ideas are primarily concerned with attaining an outcome that is as best as it could possibly be, rather than being concerned with what should be considered perfect, or absolute in all cases. For this reason, issues concerning a broad range of circumstances that are difficult to be considered in any case, prefer the ability of cost benefit analysis in order to come to a more informed and accurate conclusion on the subject that is being addressed. In this sense, there are various ways that the system itself can be utilized. The fundamental characteristic of a cost benefit analysis is that it allows the group or organization to approach the issue systematically to find a resolution that can then be compounded upon, and adjusted to create the most effective solution for future problems that may
cost: Measuring the economic value of a service that manpower can build to replace a service that nature provides. Ex: Mangrove Forests; pg. 8. 4th paragraph)
guaranteeing that IT conveys the guaranteed benefits irrespective of methodology, focusing on streamlining costs and demonstrating its characteristic
Nineteenth century British philosophers, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill sum up their theory of Utilitarianism, or the “principle of utility,” which is defined as, “actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness” (Munson, 2012, p. 863). This theory’s main focus is to observe the consequences of an action(s), rather than the action itself. The utility, or usef...
The method of ethical decision making which was developed by Dr. Cathryn A. Baird presented two components contained in all ethical decisions which are; The Four ethical Lenses and the 4+1 Decision process. The Four Ethical Lenses issue claims that different ethical theories and the means in which we tend to approach the situations which form part of our ethical traditions are looked at in four different perspectives. From each perspective there are different values on which to decide whether the action taken is either ethical or not and each lens also lays emphasis on determining whether the decision made is of ethical requirement. In the 4+1 Decision Process, people who are responsible for making final decisions in an organization do it using four specific decision making steps and eventually will end up with one extra decision which gives a chance to reflect. The 4+1 decision process allows the decision makers to give solutions when faced with complicated ethical issues (John Muir Institute for Environmental Studies, 2000).
A cost-benefit analysis is “whenever people decide whether the advantages of a particular action are likely to outweigh its drawbacks” (Benefit-Cost Analysis, n.d.). The analysis estimates the economic value placed upon a
Roybal, H., Baxendale, S.J., and Gupta, M., (1999), “Using Activity-Based Costing and Theory of Constraints to Guide
The ethical theory of utilitarianism has one basis, one must chose the action that will contribute to the greatest good; the greatest good for the greatest number. In any instance one may ask, which action will make the most people happy and how long? As a method
Examining the case with the Utilitarian mindset, we consider the overall positivity of the action vs the positivity of the alternative. In this case, what is the measure
Cost-benefit analyses help us to decide whether to undertake a project or decide which of several projects to undertake, look at the objectives of the project, identify before and after actions of the success of the project and look at the estimates of the resources required to carry out the project.
In order to arrive at a sound solution for ethical issues requires critical thinking and analysis. Marian Mattison, (2000) summarized:
Two ideologies that exist in ethics and apply to decision-making are utilitarian and deontological viewpoints. Ethical theories provide a systematic approach to decision-making toward the applications of standard principles. “In utilitarian ethics, outcomes justify the means or ways to achieve it” (Mandal, Ponnambath, & Parija, 2016, p. 5). Decisions made considering utility are based benefitting the greatest number of people. In utilitarianism, outcomes determine the moral nature of interventions. Some people are to experience harm, but the overall outcome is good for most individuals. Applying utilitarianism personally or professionally seems relevant when considering its ideology maximizes happiness and minimizes suffering. Utilitarianism
An 'economic cost-benefit analysis' approach to reasoning sees actions favoured and chosen if the benefit outweighs the cost. Here, the benefits and costs are in the form of economic benefits and costs, such as, monetary loss or profit. One who is motivated by such an approach will deem a course of action preferable if doing so results in an economic profit. Conversely, actions will be avoided if they result in an economic loss (Kelman 1981).
The Utilitarian Approach: the ethical decision should provides the greatest good for the greatest number;
Others feel that ABC would be more widespread in industry if it were marketed better by the cost accounting profession itself [1]. As the dust has settled, ABC has turned out to be less a revolutionary technique than a useful refinement to proven systems. The costs of products and services must be accurate, or management can be misled. Decisions... ...
The Level of Ethical Analysis: Sometimes one will run into the issue of not finding an acceptable moral to apply