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Research on racial differences in intelligence indicates that
Genetic & Environmental Factors Affecting Intelligence
What is the role of genetic and environmental factors determining intelligence
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There have been a lot of controversy over the years with this particular debate, but in my opinion I think intelligence is shaped by both! Just because one family has a long line of geniuses and has a kid and expects them to be the same doesn’t mean he or she will be. Even though it does say in the book, “The significant differences in intelligence among various racial and ethnic groups, they said (Herrnstein and Murray), must in part be explained in terms of heredity.” It also says in the book, “The relationships between race and intelligence is also best explained by social rather biological causes, according to the Berkeley sociologist. All societies have oppressed ethnic groups. Low status, often coupled with discrimination and mistreatment,
For at least three decades race, gender and biopower have all been linked together. The three terms used, are frameworks installed by governments to manage the population by categorizing, regulating and controlling its subjects. Race, gender and biopower are intertwined to illuminate the treatment of the minority for centuries. The mistreatment, discrimination and suffering experienced by the minorities throughout history is evident in the texts provided.
In the article, Born First, Born Smarter?, researchers, Robert Zajonc and Gregory Markus, clarify and elucidate the mystery as to why firstborn children tend to have a higher intelligence than that of a subsequent child. The research given in the article was influenced by the data and findings of Belmont and Marolla, as well as other nameless researchers.
Racism is often considered a thing of the past, with its manifestation rarely being acknowledged in the United States today. Race: The Power of an Illusion, is a documentary that addresses the legacy of racism through its significance in the past, and its presence in society today. To understand racism, it is vital to understand the concept of race. Race is a social invention, not a biological truth. This can be observed through the varying classifications of race in different cultures and time periods. For instance, in the United States, race has long been distinguished by skin color. In nineteenth century China, however, race was determined by the amount of body hair an individual had. Someone with a large amount of facial hair, for example,
Race: The Power of an Illusion was an interesting 3 part film. After watching this, it made me questioned if race was really an illusion or not. It is absolutely taboo to think that the one thing that separates people the most may be a myth in itself. “We can 't find any genetic markers that are in everybody of a particular race and in nobody of some other race. We can 't find any genetic markers that define race.” (Adelman and Herbes Sommers 2003). Racism is something created in the U.S made to create supremacy for the creator. Racism is not just the way someone thinks, it is something that has is manifested in our society to separate us and can be traced to our everyday activities.
Through research of DNA samples, scientists have been able to declare that race is not biologically constructed due to the similarities between human genes. Nevertheless, in reality, people still emphasized on biological aspects such as skin color, or hair texture to categorize others into different races. This in turn, denied the true identity of race, which it is culturally constructed. Ethnicity, by definition is also culturally constructed, therefore it greatly resemble race. There is no real clear line to distinct the two.
Race, in the common understanding, draws upon differences not only of skin color and physical attributes but also of language, nationality, and religion. Race categories are often used as ethnic intensifiers, with the aim of justifying the exploitation of one group by another. Race is an idea that has become so fixed in American society that there is no room for open-mindedness when challenging the idea of racial categories. Over the years there has been a drastic change with the way the term "race" is used by scientists. Essentially, there is a major difference between the biological and sociological views of race.
The Unconscious Bias of Intelligence Tests In the chapter entitled “The Hereditarian Theory of IQ: An American Invention” in The Mismeasure of Man (New York: Norton, 1996), Stephen Jay Gould analyzes the reasoning behind intelligence tests. Gould begins the chapter by stating how Alfred Binet, who studied the measurement of intelligence, began this endeavor in order to institute special education for learning-disabled and other disadvantaged children. Gould continues his analysis by reporting that three of Binet’s followers, H. H. Goddard (who brought Binet’s scale to America), Lewis M. Terman (who developed the Stanford- Binet scale), and Robert M. Yerkes (who persuaded the army to test the intelligence of 1.75 million men in World War I), corrupted Binet’s work and used his tests to measure an element they called “intelligence,” which ultimately resulted in peoplebeing labeled as either “intelligent” or “stupid.”
Sherman Alexie and I both had preconceived ideas of intelligence going into school. Expectations. Many people had expectations going into school. Sherman Alexie said “We were Indian children who were expected to be stupid”. He said that about when he was in school and everyone expected nothing out of him. My mom is an English teacher and my father is also a teacher so going into high school I am expected to be in top classes and they are expecting me to get very good grades. “A smart Indian is a dangerous person, widely feared and ridiculed by Indians and non-Indians alike.” Sherman Alexie said that because he was one of those smart Indians and whenever he talked people ridiculed him. An academically challenged Murray might be ridiculed and
Last semester when I signed up for classes, I thought Sociology 260: Social Problems in the US would be a course where a minimal amount of time would be spent on discussing social problems and a maximum amount of time would be used to discuss public policies to combat such social problems. I wanted to jump the gun. I did not see that in order to implement a public policy, which would be of use, I had to fully understand all facets of the problem. Through these various books and articles, The Condemnation of Little B by Elaine Brown, "The Ghosts of 9-1-1: Reflections on History, Justice and Roosting Chickens," in On the Justice of Roosting Chickens by Ward Churchill, Perversions of Justice: Indigenous Peoples and Angloamerican Law by Ward Churchill, No Equal Justice: Race and Class in the American Justice System by David Cole, Welcome to the Machine: Science Surveillance, and the Culture of Control by Derrick Jensen and George Draffan, "Mastering the Female Pelvis: Race and the Tools of Reproduction," in Public Privates: Preforming Gynecology From Both Ends of the Spectrum by Terri Kapsalis and "Race and the New Reproduction" in Killing the Black Body by Dorothy Roberts, a better understanding came to light on social issues currently seen as problematic like poverty, health care, race and discrimination, gender inequality and crime.
The evolution of race relations has changed throughout history thus far. The idea that it is getting better is not true. Racial prejudice is an immense problem in the everyday-world. Although it is said to not be true, individuals are judged by their ethnicity each and everyday. As unfair as that is, it is still a driving problem in race relations today. The idea that the world can be perfect and the world can be peaceful is not practical. No matter what, there will always be racial disputes in the world. Emmett Till Murder Trial and The Scottsboro Boys Trials are two obvious reasons for this. In the United States of America the most common forms of racism is ordinarily between the whites and blacks not getting along. Most recently it is with whites killing blacks, although that is not always the case. Throughout the world, there is a vast amount of racism depending on the country and where it is at in the world. It would be nearly impossible to find a peaceful country without disputes. The evolution of race relations has not gotten any better, but also has not gotten any worse. They have stayed a consistent bad. It is possible for them to constantly get better but it takes everybody not just a few people. Some like the way the world is and do not want it to change, those are the people that are holding the rest down on making the world a better place. No matter what happens in the world, racial disputes are an everlasting problem that will never go away.
Saunders suggests erroneously that it may not be the case that talents and abilities are equally distributed across the classes. Saunders claims that there are genetic differences in aptitude between social classes as measured by IQ tests. Saunders furthermore claims that it is normal to expect successful middle class parents to pass on genetic advantages to their offspring again agreeing with the environment factor of the nature nurture debate.
The two approaches are similar in what they would take into account. It is difficult to draw a clear line just on the theoretical approach. Distinction came from research procedures because it clearly demonstrates the disagreement on the origin for both intelligence and personality. It is as David said 'what we wish to know' is causing differences in what is produce in targeted experiments, it is therefore clearer to see when you look at experiments from two different approach.
On the ‘nature’ side of the debate is the psychometric approach, considered to be the most dominant in the study of intelligence, which “inspired the most research and attracted the most attention” (Neisser et al. 1996, p. 77). It argues that there is one general (‘g’) factor which accounts for intelligence. In the 1880s, Francis Galton conducted many tests (measuring reaction times to cognitive tasks), (Boundless 2013), in order to scientifically measure intelligence. These tests were linked to the eugenic breeding programme, which aimed to eliminate biologically inferior people from society. Galton believed that as intelligence was inherited, social class or position were significant indicators of intelligence. If an individual was of high social standing, they would be more intelligent than those of a lower position. However he failed to show any consistency across the tests for this hypothesis, weakening his theory that social class correlated with intelligence. Nevertheless, his creation of the intelligence test led many to continue to develop...
At the beginning, the world was created and there were different species occupying it. There were plants, animals, and human beings. They were all creatures, but their constitutions were different at some points. Plants did not have the ability to think, nor a brain to accomplish cognitive actions while human beings and animals had. But, there were still a difference between humans and animals.They all had brain to complete cognitive actions but humans especially had the ability to think, to make decisions and to complete more sophisticated mental processes. They were intelligent beings, and possessed intelligence. From that time to now, humans have experimented several transformations of their intelligence. So, we now have the notion of intelligence
The ongoing debate on whether nature or nurture is responsible for intelligence seems to be a never-ending argument. There will probably be no definite answer to this argument any time soon, but answers such as Dr. Bigot's prove how intolerant of other opinions people can be. To say intelligence is entirely based on genetics, or one's environment, for that matter, is utterly extremist. An interaction of both nature and nurture is responsible for intelligence.