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Role and theories of motivation
Role and theories of motivation
Motivation theorys
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Backfire effects are a phenomenon that explains the way that people will automatically dismiss any information that goes against their worldview. When information challenges people in their views, they will often accept misinformation that confirms their beliefs before they accept facts that oppose them. This phenomenon is closely related to the idea of confirmation bias. Confirmation bias is a form of motivated cognition because it demonstrates how we only remember information when it confirms opinions that we already have. Both concepts, confirmation bias and backfire effects, explain how the mind is not easily influenced by facts due to the way people hold their strong opinions.
One way that backfire effects are illustrated within society
Furthermore, the authors aim to unfold the scientific logic of their analysis of the effects of hidden biases so people will be “better able to achieve the alignment,” between their behavior and intentions (Banaji and Greenwald, 2013) preface
Although placed in the offense section of the book, the technique labeled “set a backfire” (Thank You For Arguing, page 102) seems to contain a defense mechanism. Instead of waiting for the full fury of someone you may have wronged by making a mistake, setting up a backfire for yourself gives yourself a chance at extinguishing a part of the flame through generating sympathy. The tool requires that the persuader live up to their mistake, provide examples of how he or she attempted to rectify the mistake, and show how disappointed you are in yourself for making the mistake in the first
American social psychologist and original developer of the theory of Cognitive Dissonance Leon Festinger breaks down his theory into two main parts. First, the presence of dissonance, inconsistency or unpleasantness, will psychologically motivate a person to achieve consonance, consistency or pleasantness (Festinger 3). Psychologist Elliot Aronson, key researcher in the 20th century of this theory, expands on the definition of dissonance to be more straightforward. Dissonance occurs when a person holds two ideas, beliefs, or opinions at the same time that are contradictory with one and other. Part two of the theory states that a person will attempt to avoid situations or knowledge that would possibly or pro...
The desire for consistency can go beyond rational thought or force a person to rationalize when things are out of line. People find comfort in knowing what to expect. When what is known and believed is challenged, people are disrupted and forced to make a decision on how to process conflicting information. To avoid the discomfort caused by cognitive dissonance, people may ignore opposing views, examine and change their views to maintain consistency with their actions or even seek reassurance (Defining Communication Theories, 2001).
We definitely notice how quick people are to judge others by their statements and beliefs if they go against our own- but if it’s our own belief, we tend to defend it until the end. In this point, Haidt talks about the confirmation bias, which is the tendency to seek out and interpret new evidence in ways that confirm what you already think. People tend to think “there is evidence that supports my theory, therefore my theory is right.” The main point in topic number three is that people tend to be close-minded when it comes to being wrong. No one likes to be wrong, so we tend to find ways that support how we feel and what we think is right in order to justify out thoughts and feelings. Our intuitions come first, our strategic reasoning comes
Confirmation Bias: A perfect example would pertain to when the victims of sexual assault from the University of North Carolina stuck together, they bonded when no one else would listen and believe them. They sought out each other and many others around the United States as the film continued until they had proven their point. The two women, Andrea and Annie just kept moving forward while avoiding those that
Thought processes can greatly influence people's social interactions, and the way that they live their lives. Cognitions develop how people perceive themselves and others on a daily basis. It is important to investigate how people attribute actions and behaviors exhibited, not only by themselves, but also those around them. These attributions shape the way an observer feels and reacts to others, and how people feel about themselves due to their own actions. The correspondence bias (fundamental attribution error) and the self-serving bias are two errors made in attribution by virtually every human being (Baron & Byrne, 2000). Both of these biases can be shown not only in adults, but also children (Guern, 1999). Even sport spectators display these biases when watching their favorite teams (Wann & Schrader, 2000). When the self-serving bias is absent in people's cognitions, they will show the self-defeating attributions. It is important to study people that demonstrate self-defeating attributions, because these individuals also show symptoms of depression (Wall & Hayes, 2000). Clearly, attributions are an imperative aspect of social cognition. Attributional bias is discussed by Marie Beesley. It is also important to investigate the factors that affect people's judgment biases in decision making and reasoning skills, which is explored by Amanda Wheeler. Because these two processes are so vital to the way in which people perceive themselves and others, and to the way a person chooses to behave, it is important to understand the factors that can cause inaccurate judgments. Judgment biases affect the way people form conclusions and make attributions about others, as well as abou...
Debunkingmadelaeffect.com states “The tendency to search for, interpret, or recall information in a way that confirms one’s beliefs or hypotheses.”
Cognitive dissonance can be described as the feeling of discomfort resulting from holding two conflicting beliefs. It can also be said to be the mental conflict that occurs when beliefs or assumptions are contradicted by new information. A well-known psychologist Leon Festinger (1919–89), introduced this concept in the late 1950s where he proved that, when confronted with challenging new information; most people are observed to preserve their current understanding of the world by rejecting or avoiding the new information or by convincing themselves that no conflict really exists in one way or the other (Festinger, 04).
Cognitive dissonance theory is the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent. There are three methods that dissonance can be condensed. Individuals can modify one or more of the beliefs, attitude, behaviors, and more, this way the connection between the two elements are in agreement with one another. Another method is to gather new information that will compensate the dissonant beliefs. The third method is to decrease the importance of the beliefs, attitudes, behavior, and etc. Dissonance theory does not say that these methods will work; only people in the state of cognitive dissonance will use these methods to condense the degree of their dissonance. Cognitive dissonance theory
Research Demonstration: The False Consensus Effect In science, we emphasize systematic, careful observation as a key to overcoming the limits of other methods of acquiring knowledge. That is, we trust systematic observation more than we trust our own intuition. We can actually investigate this issue. The following description provides you with the details necessary to conduct a simple study to investigate the accuracy of human intuition. We often believe that others are more like ourselves than they really are.
Bibb Latané and John Darley, two psychologists, studied the bystander effect during their experimentation after the murder of Kitty Genovese. The Bystander Effect refers to the effect that bystanders have during the intervention of an emergency. Latané and Darley used a series of experiments to look at different aspects of the bystander effect; The series of experiments included smoke, a lady in distress, hand in the till, stolen beer, “children don’t fight like that,” and fit to be tried (Latané & Darley, 1970). Latané and Darley asked, “What is the underlying force in mankind toward altruism?” and “what determines in a particular situation whether one person will help another?” Their hypothesis was that “the number of other people present
The backfire effect is when a fact is disconfirmed based on scientific evidence, resulting in someone having a stronger belief that the fact is correct, by using counter arguments to avoid being wrong (Lewandowsky,119). Confirmation bias can be defined as prejudice towards a subject or matter due to preexisting beliefs. As a result, the backfire effect is conceptually related to confirmation bias because both the backfire effect and confirmation bias are limiting themselves to the acquisition of new information or knowledge to a certain extent. In the article by Lewandowsky, the idea of politics is briefly brought up. The backfire effect is extremely prominent in the world of politics. For example, in a casual political debate amongst friends or family the more the debaters try to reason their beliefs the less likely who they are debating against will
The first theory is the fundamental attribution error. This theory argues that people tend to over estimate the role of dispositional factors and underestimate the situational factors. Psychologists argue that this is such a common error because humans tend to think of themselves as flexible, and ever changing. People do not like to think of themselves as a “type” of person. When a person does not have enough information to make a balanced decision, they attribute behavior to disposition.
Most of life's situations are learning experiences. People can learn what activities are right or wrong for them by experiences these emotions in different situations. These learning experiences can take place at home, school, the workplace, or anywhere else. The three major experiences that have given me confidence in my ability to learn have all taken place at Penn State University.