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Conduct disorder in adolescents conclusion
Conduct disorder in adolescents conclusion
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Conduct disorder (CD) in children and adolescence is a serious matter that has major adverse effects to the child, to their parents, and to their entire community. This disorder is chronic and worsens overtime that forces the child into a life of risky aggressive impulses, pattern of destructive behavior, disregard for rules, regulation, and authority. Since CD is a condition that develops over a long period of time, children can carry the side effects of negative behaviors into their adulthood. CD is one of the most common diagnosed disorder among children and adolescence, and according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Mental health integration, 2009), “Conduct Disorder s repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated” (Mental health integration, 2009). At a young age, children with CD will have difficulties in school; learning, forming friendships, and become socially rejected by their peers. By the time the child is an adolescent, CD can stem into many other undesired mental concerns and disorders. An adolescent with CD will likely have numerous run-ins with the law, difficulties forming and maintaining relationships, and difficulty sustaining long-term employment. Some symptoms of CD is bulling, fighting, cruelty to people or animals, rape, vandalism, fire-setting, robbery, theft, and school truancy (Mental health integration, 2009). It is important to note that the average child and adolescent may act on one or two of the symptoms, and that is completely normal. It starts to become a concern when these symptoms are constant and repetitive. Conduct disorder is a severe problem that must be addressed e... ... middle of paper ... ...owing the cause. The Spectator, 1-7. Retrieved from http://p2048-www.liberty.edu.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/docview/270220694?accountid=12085 Salehi, S., Noah, S., Baba, M., & Jaafar, W. (2013). Aggression and peer rejection among children with conduct disorder. Canadian Center of Science and Education, 9(4), 133-139. Retrieved from http://p2048 www.liberty.edu.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/docview/1345426596?accountid=12085 Scott, S. (2007). Conduct disorders in children. British Medical Journal, 334(7595), 646. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39161.370498.BE Searight, R., Rottnek, F., & Abby, S. (2001). Conduct disorder: diagnosis and treatment in primary care. American Family Physician, 63(8), 1579-1589. Retrieved from http://www.aafp.org/afp/2001/0415/p1579.html
182). Social rejection leads to social isolation and even social ostracism. The deficit in behavioral inhibition lead ADHD students to make choices impulsively and to overreact emotionally (Hallahan et al., 2012, p. 182).
Conduct Disorder (CD) appears to be linked with substance abuse disorders (SUD) among adolescents when compared to other mental disorders within this population. There is a strong correlation between childhood diagnosis of CD because of environmental and genetic factors and is more common among boys than girls when there is a positive parental history of SUD. Pagliaro & Pagliaro (2012) have indicated that a dual diagnosis involving CD may be mediated among adolescents with childhood A-D/HD by the factor of deviant peer affiliation and co-morbidity of CD or of ODD is at an increased risk for developing a peer-mediated SUD during adolescence.
The experience of being socially excluded leads to increases in aggressive behavior. Research has found that when people are excluded by others, they are more likely to behave aggressively, even to people who did not initially exclude them (Twenge, Baumeister, Tice, & Stucke, 2001).
According to the DSM-IV, if a child's problem behaviors do not meet the criteria for Conduct Disorder, but involve a pattern of defiant, angry, antagonistic, hostile, irritable, or vindictive behavior, Oppositional Defiant Disorder may be diagnosed. These children may blame others for their problems.
Wolke, D., Schreier, A., Zanarini, M. C., & Winsper, C. (2012). Bullied by peers in childhood and borderline personality symptoms at 11 years of age: A prospective study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53 (8), 846-855. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02542.x
My rationale for writing this paper is to know what oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is and its effect on age, gender, and concurring behaviors (comorbidity) like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder (CD). How these conditions are affected in getting the proper diagnosis and treatment for ODD. Loeber, Burke, and Pardini reported in clinical groups among children, ODD is listed as one of the most commonly known behavioral disorders (as cited in Kazdin, 1995). Stringaris and Goodman (2009) found ODD is apparently very important among adolescents because of its strong connection with a large assortment of fully developed mental health disorders such as (as cited by Kim-Cohen et all., 2003, Nock, Kazdin, Hiripi, & Kessler, 2007) conduct disorder (CD) and an introverted disorder (as cited by Burke, Loeber, Lahey, & Rathouz, 2005; Costello, Mustillo, Erkanli, Keeler, & Angold, 2003; Ford, Goodman, & Meltzer, 2003).
Conduct Disorder has been a part of the American Psychological Association’s Diagnostic Statistical Manuel (DSM) since its original release date in 1994. Although, there is new information about the disorder that was previously unknown, Conduct Disorder is distinguished by a “repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate norms or rules are violated” (American Psychiatric Association, 1994.) This mild, moderate, or severe antisocial behavior begins to appear either in childhood, categorized as early-onset conduct disorder , or in adolescence after ten years of age, classified as adolescent-onset conduct disorder (Passamonti et al., 2010.) The criteria to meet to be diagnosed with this disorder are separated into four subgroups: aggressive conduct, nonaggressive conduct, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of the rules. Three or more incidents must be present in the past twelve months with at least one of the characteristics being present in the past six months. This disorder causes severe impairment of functioning across a variety of situations so it is important to keep in mind society and individual situations because this diagnosis may be “misapplied to individuals in settings where patterns of undesirable behavior are sometimes viewed as protective” (American Psychiatric Association, 1994.) For example, a patient that has recently relocated from a war torn country would most likely not be a candidate for Conduct disorder even though he or she may exhibit some of the characteristics.
The development environment has been theoretically proposed to be relevant to the etiology of ASPD. (Shi and Bureau, 2012, p.54) While many other studies have been carried out to find relationships between antisocial behavior and delinquency, very few have attempted to find the relationship between the caregiving environment and antisocial behavior. Three other relevant studies have been conducted; establishing a connection between developmental processes and early aggression, conduct disorder, and young adolescent to adolescent delinquency. Maltreatment in childhood has also been associated repeatedly with antisocial behavior. (Shi and Bureau, 2012, p. 55) The only issue most psychologists have been facing is simply that antisocial behaviors have only been measured with no diagnostic information so far. While some studies have shown that maltreatment in early life is ...
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders text revision 4th edition (DSM-IV-TR) states that “the essential feature of Conduct Disorder is a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated”(2000). The DSM-IV-TR goes on to list criteria for conduct disorder as, aggression to people or animals (i.e. forced sexual activity or mugging), destruction of property (i.e. fire setting), deceitfulness or theft (i.e. burglary or forgery), and serious violations of the rules (i.e. running away for periods of time) (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). A child must have at least three of those criteria present in the past year, with at least one manifested in the p...
Wright, S., & Farrell, A. D. (2012). A qualitative study of individual and peer factors related to effective nonviolent versus aggressive responses to problem situations among adolescents and high incidence disabilities. Behavioral Disorders, 37(3), 163-178.
Conduct Disorder is one of the many disorders seen in adolescents. This disorder can essentially have a negative impact on the individual’s life if there is no intervening from parents, family members, or teachers. Conduct disorder is complex and there are many risk factors that play a role in the development of this disorder. These risk factors range from the prenatal environment to the influences of family. On the positive side, there are protective factors that may decrease the chances of an individual developing conduct disorder. However, it is important to realize the future outcome of young people with this disorder varies with each person.
Mpofu, E. (2002). Psychopharmacology in the treatment of conduct disorder children and adolescents: Rationale, prospects, and ethics. South African Journal Of Psychology, 32(4), 9.
This paper will discuss two theories that describe how conduct disorder develops and two treatments for the disorder. These two theories are broken windows theory and attachment theory. Broken windows theory primary focus is on the environment that an individual is raised in. If the environment is run-down and flourished with crime, it’s likely an individual raised in that environment will be influenced to commit crime. Attachment theory essentially states that if an individual has strong attachment with their caregiver, they will be less motivated in committing crime and less likely to have behavioral problems. The disorder can be treated by
Parenting roles may not be simple especially when dealing with adolescents. One of the possible challenges that are evident among most adolescents if the oppositional defiant disorder. It is typical of kids with the disorder to display open defiance and disobedience to authority in the community. The extreme cases could lead to constant arguments, fights and even talking back to the teachers, parents and the senior citizens. In most cases, it may not be relatively easy to distinguish between operation defiant disorder (ODD) in the community and mood swings. (Cavanag, Quinn, Duncan, Graham,& Balbuena, 2014).It is essential for the members of the community to have a clear understanding of what entails ODD in the bid to be able to handle the situation. An understanding of the signs and symptoms and the possible treatment measures to help alleviate the impact of the disorder are critical. Below is a detailed insight relating to the Operational defiant disorder in
Emotional and behavioral disorders manifest from various sources. For some children, the core of these disorders is rooted in such factors as “family adversity...poverty, caregiving instability, maternal depression, family stress…marital discord…dysfunctional parenting patterns…abuse and neglect” (Fox, Dunlap & Cushing, 2002, p. 150). These factors are stressors that affect children both emotionally and behaviorally. Students have their educational performance and academic success impeded by such stressors once in school, which creates even more stress as they find themselves frustrated and failing. As a result, problem behaviors may manifest that can be described as disruptive, impulsive, pre-occupied, resistant to change, aggressive, intimidating, or dishonest. Such behaviors may also inflict self-harm.