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Oppositional defiant disorder research
Oppositional defiant disorder research
Oppositional defiant disorder research
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Introduction
My rationale for writing this paper is to know what oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is and its effect on age, gender, and concurring behaviors (comorbidity) like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder (CD). How these conditions are affected in getting the proper diagnosis and treatment for ODD. Loeber, Burke, and Pardini reported in clinical groups among children, ODD is listed as one of the most commonly known behavioral disorders (as cited in Kazdin, 1995). Stringaris and Goodman (2009) found ODD is apparently very important among adolescents because of its strong connection with a large assortment of fully developed mental health disorders such as (as cited by Kim-Cohen et all., 2003, Nock, Kazdin, Hiripi, & Kessler, 2007) conduct disorder (CD) and an introverted disorder (as cited by Burke, Loeber, Lahey, & Rathouz, 2005; Costello, Mustillo, Erkanli, Keeler, & Angold, 2003; Ford, Goodman, & Meltzer, 2003).
What is Oppositional Defiant Disorder?
Defining ODD is where I will start. My first step is to disassemble the name and put it back together with a definition in its simplest form. I will use http://dictionary.reference.com/ as my reference: oppositional means the action of going against, conflicting, defying, or uncooperative. It also has the definition: a person or group of people standing firm, showing disapproval, or condemning something, someone, or another group. The AACAP (2006) stated from time to time children are rebellious especially if they are drained of their energy, lacking food, or just stressed out. The next word is defiant which means boldly resistant or challenging. Lastly, the word disorder means a disruption in physical or mental undertakings; problems ...
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...an children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51 (1), 23-30.
Pardini, D. A., Frick, P. J., & Moffitt, T. E., (2010). Building an evidence base for dsm-5 conceptualizations of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: Introduction to the special session. Journal of Abnormal psychology, 119 (4), 683- 688. doi:10.1037/a0021441
Rowe, R., Maughan, B., Costello, E. J., & Angold, A., (2005). Defining oppositional defiant disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46 (12), 1309- 1316. doi:10.1111/j.469-7610.2005.01420.x
Stringaris, A., Goodman, R., (2009). Three dimensions of oppositionality in youth. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,50 (3), 216-223.
Turgay, A., Psychopharmacological treatment of oppositional defiant disorder. (2009). CNS Drugs, 23 (1), 1-17.
Definitions: Retrieved from http://dictionary.reference.com/
The DSM-5 lists approximately 400 mental disorders, each one explains the criteria for diagnosing the disorder and key clinical features, and sometimes describes features that are often times not related to the disorder. The classification is further explained by the background information such as: research findings, age, culture, gender trends, and each disorder’s prevalence, risk, course, complications, predisposing factors, and family patterns (Comer, 2013, pp.100).... ... middle of paper ... ...
The hallmark of Conduct Disorder (CD) is an obvious and careless apathy for the rules, the rights, the emotions, and the personal territory of others. Aggression, deceitfulness, duress, and power over others are enjoyable to a child with CD. Children with CD pick fights, trespass, lie, cheat, steal, vandalize, display abusive behaviors, and, for older children, perpetrate unwanted sexual advances. The display of signs in younger children can be: ruthless bullying, lying for the purpose of lying, and stealing of useless things.
Psychologists Hunt and McHale (2010, p.20) state that according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM):
Frances, A., & Ross, R. (1996). DSM-IV case studies a clinical guide to differential diagnosis. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.
Identification of any psychosocial or contextual factors to be considered, as outlined in the DSM-5
Spiegel, D., Loewenstein, R. J., Lewis-Fernández, R., Sar, V., Simeon, D., Vermetten, E., & ... Dell, P. F. (2011). Dissociative disorders in DSM-5. Depression & Anxiety (1091-4269), 28(9), 824-852. doi:10.1002/da.20874
Conduct Disorder (CD) appears to be linked with substance abuse disorders (SUD) among adolescents when compared to other mental disorders within this population. There is a strong correlation between childhood diagnosis of CD because of environmental and genetic factors and is more common among boys than girls when there is a positive parental history of SUD. Pagliaro & Pagliaro (2012) have indicated that a dual diagnosis involving CD may be mediated among adolescents with childhood A-D/HD by the factor of deviant peer affiliation and co-morbidity of CD or of ODD is at an increased risk for developing a peer-mediated SUD during adolescence.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder is a pattern of negativistic, hostile, and defiant behavior lasting at least six months, during which four (or more) of the following are present:
Childhood Disruptive Behaviors Early Childhood Children at this stage (aged 4 to 8) understand the world by perceiving it, being influenced by it, and acting on it. In turn, the surrounding world shapes the child. This demonstrates the role of nurture within the child’s environment, as well as its role in developing behavior patterns. Longitudinal studies have demonstrated that behavior patterns and personality are established during the early formative years. Research suggests that, when children come from unhealthy backgrounds, such as dysfunctional, abusive homes, they are much less likely to develop adequately physically, academically, and emotionally.
First, Anti Social Personality Disorder is a mental condition that can cause a person to think and behave in a destructive manner. “Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is characterized by a pattern of socially irresponsible, exploitative, and guiltless behavior. ASPD is associated with co-occurring mental health and addictive disorders and medical comorbidity.” (Black, 2015) People with ASPD have a habit of antagonizing and manipulating others but also have no awareness for what is right and what is wrong. One tends to disregard the feelings and wishes of others. “ASPD typically begins during childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood.” (Kivi, 2012) ASPD usually is noticed around 8 years old, but it is categorized as a conduct disorder. Though children can be treated in what doctors may think is ASPD, children will not be completely diagnosed with the title of ASPD until at least 18 years of age. In time those with ASPD behavior usually end up turning criminal.
Conduct Disorder has been a part of the American Psychological Association’s Diagnostic Statistical Manuel (DSM) since its original release date in 1994. Although, there is new information about the disorder that was previously unknown, Conduct Disorder is distinguished by a “repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate norms or rules are violated” (American Psychiatric Association, 1994.) This mild, moderate, or severe antisocial behavior begins to appear either in childhood, categorized as early-onset conduct disorder , or in adolescence after ten years of age, classified as adolescent-onset conduct disorder (Passamonti et al., 2010.) The criteria to meet to be diagnosed with this disorder are separated into four subgroups: aggressive conduct, nonaggressive conduct, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of the rules. Three or more incidents must be present in the past twelve months with at least one of the characteristics being present in the past six months. This disorder causes severe impairment of functioning across a variety of situations so it is important to keep in mind society and individual situations because this diagnosis may be “misapplied to individuals in settings where patterns of undesirable behavior are sometimes viewed as protective” (American Psychiatric Association, 1994.) For example, a patient that has recently relocated from a war torn country would most likely not be a candidate for Conduct disorder even though he or she may exhibit some of the characteristics.
Mcbride, Carolina. Zuroff, David. Ravitz, Paula. Koestner, Richard. Moskowitz, Debbie. Quilty, Lena. Bagby, Michael. (2010). British Journal of Clinical Psychology. , 49(4), p529-545.
According to Merriam Webster dictionary an antisocial personality disorder or APD is a personality disorder that is characterized by antisocial behavior exhibiting pervasive disregard for and violation of the rights, feelings, and safety of others starting in childhood or the early teenage years and continuing into adulthood. It has been proven that some violent offenders often commit crimes mainly because of their psychological state of mind. Individuals who suffer from antisocial personality disorders generally are intelligent and charming however, they are severely troubled. This disorder prevents any type of relationship to anyone to be created and often find them in trouble. “this often masks a disturbed personality that makes them incapable of forming enduring relationships with others and continually involves them in such deviant behaviors as violence, risk taking, substance abuse, and impulsivity.” (Siegel, 2009 pg.148).
...chiatric Association. (2012). “Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders” (4th Ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Objective: To determine if gender moderates the comorbidity rates between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Method: 200 children, 100 boys and 100 girls, with ADHD ranging from the ages of 5 to 15 completed the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID) to determine if they had the symptoms for ODD. Anticipated Results: Based on a meta-analysis of relevant research, it was determined that boys are diagnosed at a higher rate for ADHD and ODD than girls. However, compared with ADHD boys, ADHD girls display greater intellectual impairment, lower levels of hyperactivity, and lower rates of other externalizing behaviors. Conclusions: It can be assumed that the reason boys experience a higher diagnosis of ODD is due to externalizing symptoms that include defiant behavior, aggression, mood changes, and other negative behaviors. There needs to be