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The origin of crack cocaine research paper
Physiological effects of COCAINE
The origin of crack cocaine research paper
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Cocaine
When you reach into the refrigerator for a Coca-Cola, do you ever wonder where it got its name? You might be surprised to find out! When coke was created 120 years ago, it contained cocaine (Bayer 27). At the time scientists did not realize that cocaine was addictive and dangerous. Scientists today know that cocaine is among the strongest stimulants known, and trying the drug even one time can cause heart attack, stroke, and even death. "Even the most in shape athlete could die from one use (Bayer 26)."
The history of coca leaves began hundreds of years ago in South America. The Indians of Peru and Bolivia "chewed" coca leaves so that they could work hard in high altitudes and need little food. It was not until the late 1700's that the coca plant was brought to Europe, and cocaine was not actually created until 1855 when a German chemist named Albert Niemann extracted a compound from coca leaves and named it cocaine. It was not long after cocaine was discovered that it became a common household item (Woods 32).
In the 19th century in The United States, cocaine was included in many different over the counter medicines and tonics (Woods 33). Also a wine named "Vin Mariani," which contained cocaine as one of its ingredients, was widely marketed. Among the famous people to endorse the wine were Pope Leo III, author Jules Vern, and inventor Thomas Edison (Woods 33).
One of the first doctors to prescribe cocaine to his patients was Sigmund Freud. Freud thought that cocaine could be used to cure opium addiction and alcoholism. In reality, though, he was only substituting one addiction for another. Freud wrote a paper on the affects cocaine had on himself. "He found that the only really safe and proper medical use was as a painkiller (Woods 33)."
Most of the coca plants in the world are grown in Peru and Bolivia by Indians that have learned to make coca paste (when coca leaves are mixed with kerosene) from the plant (McFarland 31). The paste that is made is then shipped to Columbia where it is made into a "powdered substance". After the cocaine is made into powder it is shipped to the United States and other parts world (McFarland 32).
"Drug families" in Columbia control most of the cocaine trafficking. They use special planes and boats to carry cocaine from Columbia to Caribbean Islands and southern Florida. They...
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...en at this rate, many laboratories strain to keep up with the demand for cocaine testing.
Hundreds of years ago, Indians in South America discovered the coca plant. In 1855 cocaine was first extracted from the plant. Cocaine became a household item in the 19th century until a man named Sigmund Freud tested the drug on himself and realized that it was dangerous. Today, all over the country, cocaine destroys young lives every day. It is a dangerous, addictive drug, and using it once can kill you. It damages the brain, and messes with the mind. Knowing the facts about cocaine can help people stay healthy and drug free, and may even save lives.
Bibliography:
Bayer, Linda. Crack and Cocaine. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 2000.
"Cocaine Use in America." New York: DHHS Publication, 1986.
McFarland, Rhoda. Cocaine. Washington: Library of Congress Cataloging-in- Publication, 1997.
Nahas, Gabriel. Cocaine: The Great White Plague. Vermont: Paul S. Eriksson Publishers,
1989.
Roche Diagnostics Corporation. Hitachi 917 System Operations Manual. 1995.
Woods, Geraldine and Harold. Cocaine. Washington: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-
Publication, 1985.
Cocaine is a classified ‘Schedule II’ drug, also known as “crack”, and “coke” it is a powerful drug, and addictive stimulant well known as a psychoactive substance. That comes from a plant called coca leaf that has been around since the mid-1800s and throughout the 20th century. “In the mid-1980s, addiction to the drug was seen as exaggerated or dismissed as psychological and not addiction” (Miller, Gold, Smith, 1997, p.62). In the past, cocaine’s original use was for medical purposes as local anesthetic for surgeries. Now its usage is illegal and this drug is immersed into the body through various ways. However,...
Attention Material: Cocaine is mostly known as an illegal drug, but very few truly acknowledge it for its medical purposes and fully understand its history in the country. Cocaine is a tropane ester alkaloid ,which is extracted from the leaves of the coca (Erythroxylon coca) plant (Clayton, 1996). Cocaine is considered the most powerful and most dangerous drug of natural origin. Cocaine is illegal in the United States and is classified under the Schedule II medication which is contained in the Controlled Substance Act of the United States Constitution.
The cartels are now in control of most of the drug trades and are successful. The Mexican border gives them the power to go everywhere they desire, making them a relentless force. “To date operation Xcellrator has led the arrest of 755 individuals and the seizure of approximately 5 U.S. Currency more than 12,000 kilograms of cocaine, more than 16,000 pounds of marijuana, more than 11,000 of methamphetamine, more than 8 kilograms of heroin, approximately 1.3 million pills of ecstasy”(Doj 2). Mexican cartels extend to central and southern America. Columbia is the supply of much of the cocaine exported to the U.S. Colombia is under control of South American gangs, they do business with the Mexican cartels to transport drugs the north. The Northern Mexican gangs hold the most control because the territory is very important (Wagner1). They are many different types of cartel in Mexico it also signifies that there are killing each other so their cartel can expand an...
...imply as a stimulant. Therefore, although cocaine is a stronger stimulant than regular coca, native Andean people prefer to use coca because of its cultural associations, history of use before European interactions and its various other medicinal purposes. In addition, native Andeans are more likely to use coca than cocaine because it is grown close to home and requires less processing. Although European influence existed in the development of cocaine, the people of Latin America were able to maintain the identity of the coca leaf in face of this external influence.
Psychological egocentrism states that people engage in interactions with other to satisfy their self-interest. In the example I used above the psychological egoist would be the one to share the resources to further improve their chances of survival that way. The ethical egoist would rather hog the supplies to improve his well-being. The different point of view both these types of egoisms share is pronounced very well. The psychological egotist would view the choice of helping the other human as part of helping themselves and their well-being. On the other hand, ethical egoist would have a view that shows that you prioritize yourself and only you even if it causes harm to others. This clearly states the only affair that matters to a person is their well-being. Psychological egoism is a theory based on years of researching individuals and seeing the choices they make to help their
• Once more, the ordinary science’ proves itself as the master of classification, inventing and defining the various categories of Egoism. Per example, psychological egoism, which defines doctrine that an individual is always motivated by self-interest, then rational egoism which unquestionably advocates acting in self-interest. Ethical egoism as diametrically opposite of ethical altruism which obliges a moral agent to assist the other first, even if sacrifices own interest. Also, ethical egoism differs from both rational and psychological egoism in ‘defending’ doctrine which considers all actions with contributive beneficial effects for an acting individual
For someone who believes in psychological egoism, i t is difficult to find an action that would be acknowledged as purely altruistic. In practice, altruism, is the performance of duties to others with no view to any sort of personal...
Many people avoid the use of crack because of the harmful chemicals used in creating the drug. One of the reasons why crack became popular is because of not needing to inject the drug hence less risks of being infected by the AIDS virus. Carroll (2000) states cocaine is the most powerful stimulant of natural origin. Most users snort or inject the drug to enable a quicker “high.” Cocaine use brings on many health problems.
I think that May set out in her book to illustrate how valuable the fight to legalize the oral contraceptive (“the pill”) was in creating independence and ownership for women of their own lives and bodies. This campaign for women’s power should not be confused with that fought for during the Feminist Movement, although they occurred concurrently. Margaret Sanger spearheaded the fight for the pill, and did so through two world wars and one cold war – during a time of widespread poverty and global overpopulation. The effort to legalize the pill began as a way to provide women with the ability to have control over the size of their f...
In her book The Virtue of Selfishness, Ayn Rand argues that selfishness is a virtue and altruism a vice, leads to the undermining of individual worth. Rand defines altruism as the view that “Any action taken for the benefit of others is good, and any action taken for one’s own benefit is evil. Thus, the beneficiary of an action is the only criterion of moral value so as long as the beneficiary is anybody other than oneself, anything goes” (Rand, 525). She furthermore goes on to state two difference moral questions in which altruism raises (1) What are values? (2) Who should be the beneficiary of values? Henceforth stating that the second question is substituted for the first furthermore evading the questions all together elaborating on the idea that altruism has no set of moral values thus leaving man with no moral guidance.
These advantages of ethical egoism together with the disadvantages should be weighed per circumstance and moral codes should be followed when taking decision for no two circumstances are exactly alike. In conclusion, having examined the consequences of the benefits and disadvantages of ethical egoism, I can say that ethical egoism seems to have a strong influence as to why individuals make certain decisions. Ethical egoism is not bad in itself, for one saves himself to save others. An individual cannot thrive if they stifle their needs to help
There are many different types of ethical egoism: Personal ethical egoism, Individual ethical egoism, Universal ethical egoism, Categorical egoism, and Hypothetical egoism. Personal ethical egoism is the belief that one should act for ones’ self without concern to the actions of others. Though this is not completely a theory on its own, because it is not generalized, doing so would be going against ones own self interest. For example, if one believes that personal ethical egoism should be recommended to others, then that person would not exactly be promoting their own self interest because that person would also be looking out for the self interest of others. Individual ethical egoism is the belief that all persons should act towards my self interest. For example, a man says that he is doing something for his own beneficiary, and his friend should do it as well to help him, instead of the friend looking out for his own self. If the individual egoist cannot broaden his policy, than he has no policy at all. This idea is not generalized, since each person demands the needs of his or her own. Universal ethical egoism states that all persons should follow their own benefits selectively, but in doing so, humans might not know what i...
Therefore, no matter how much altruism theorists try to argue about the degree of inclination of an action towards non self-interest, the two can never be separated (Hinman, 2007). That is the nature of human behavior that we are all motivated by self interest in any action that we undertake. Hugh (1898) observed that altruism actions are a disguised form of self seeking pleasure nature of human beings. This paper will explore the points that support the theory this theory with expounded explanation that approve the plausibility of psychological egoism theory. It will also look at the old ideas and compare them with the modern ones. This essay will further discuss the psychological egoism theory is descriptive that carries the doctrine that weak side of psychological egoism to enhance objectivity.
Drug use and abuse is as old as mankind itself. Human beings have always had a desire to eat or drink substances that make them feel relaxed, stimulated, or euphoric. Humans have used drugs of one sort or another for thousands of years. Wine was used at least from the time of the early Egyptians; narcotics from 4000 B.C.; and medicinal use of marijuana has been dated to 2737 BC in China.
Wearable technology is the kind of technology that can be worn by a customer. Although the idea of wearable technology is not new, it has been acknowledged that our time is the time for wearable devices and its new revolution in technology nowadays. This paper will keep an eye on wearable devices via Bill Wasik article “why wearable tech will be as big as the smartphones and it will argue the challenges and problems that has been represented in the article.