Early dyes were made using natural resources, like plants, berries, minerals, and seeds. Some of the earliest examples of cloth dyed with these natural substances come from ancient Egypt. During ancient times, the cloths, just like the dyes, were made from natural fibers, like cotton, linen, and wool. Later, as advancements were made in chemistry and manufacturing, humans learned to make synthetic fibers. By understanding how the molecules of dye react with the fibers, chemists can design many vibrant dyes that do not fade or run off when washed. In addition to what type of material they are made from, another way to categorize fibers is by their chemistry. Cotton and linen fibers are cellulose-based. Cellulose is the main component of plant
...hese materials were used because they could be easily found at a low price compared to Hemp fiber and silk. Hemp fiber and silk were used at first but then the Chinese realized there are greater uses for this material. Therefore they started to use the worn fishnet, bark and cloth.
The first to use native dye plants in the United States were the Native Americans. Their culture was totally dependent on what the land produced. This is reflected in the wealth of information Native Americans possessed about useful plants, from medicinal to ceremonial and dye plants. This is reflected in the types of houses they built and the names of places (often after the plants that grew there). Early European colonists foolishly ignored the wisdom of the Native Americans and modern Americans are not much wiser. Americans need to learn about the plants and animals in our own country and how they can be useful to mankind. Instead of bringing non-adapted species of Europe to North America we need to learn what native adapted species can fulfill our needs and wants (Gilmore 1977). For example, we spend thousands of dollars feeding, sheltering, and caring for European cattle when we have native bovines, bison which are naturally adapted to the climate and environment. Melvin Randolph Gilmore sums this idea up well in the following quote:
* These pajamas originated in India, and were made of silk or wool, often with a striped pattern in various colors.
A lot of people love using leather. Who wouldn’t? You can incorporate it in your daily wardrobe, accessories, home furniture, and even your car.
Cellulose chains are composed of both crystalline and amorphous regions. Breaking of the amorphous portion of cellulose chain is carried out by acid hydrolysis to yield crystalline residue that is CNCs. Hydrolysis largely disintegrates the acetal linkage in amorphous part of cellulose chain while due to long exposure to acid crystalline part may also degrade (Bondeson et al., 2006). Depending on the origin of the cellulose, CNCs of different width and length have been prepared and reported by different researchers. The aspect ratio (length to width ratio) of CNCs have been observed to vary between 10 and 30 for cotton and it lies around 70 for tunicate, a sea animal (Habibi et al., 2010). CNCs of various shapes viz. rod like (Habibi et al., 2010), spherical (Wang et al., 2008) and elliptical (Lu et al., 2012) have been obtained using different acid system and different cellulose origin. Sulphuric acid is the most commonly used acid for hydrolysis of cellulose to synthesize CNCs (Kim et al., 2001; Kupiainen et al., 2012; Lalia et al., 2013; Lu et al., 2012). The presence of bisulphite ion along with H+ ions results in better cellulose hydrolysis in sulphuric acid as compared to non-sulphur acid species like formic acid (Kupiainen et al., 2012). Hydrolysis using sulphuric acid leads to the introduction of charged sulphate ester groups to the surface CNC s (Abitbol et al., 2013; Lu & Hsieh, 2010). These sulphate groups attached to the CNC surfaces results in decreasing the thermal degradation temperature of CNCs (Jiang et al., 2010). To improve the thermal stability of CNCs, hydrochloric acid has been used as hydrolysing agent for hydrolysis of cellulose (Yu et al.,
A Comparison of the Chemical Structures and Production Methods of Silk and Artificial Silk Abstract Despite their seemingly similar exteriors, the chemical structures and production methods of natural silk and the artificial silks, rayon and nylon are quite different. Silk yarn, extracted from the.. from the cocoon of the Bombyx mori moth, is made up of fibroin molecules with beta-pleated. sheet of secondary structures. The fibroin molecules consist of crystalline fibers constructed of regularly paralleled, unfolded polypeptide chains of polyglycylalanine mixed with an amorphous. part.
Forensic analysis of dyed textile fibers. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2009Aug; 394(8):2009-18. Epub 2009 Jun 20.
According to the article, “How Are Sweaters Made”, sweaters are usually are made out of wool or cotton (in my opinion cotton is the best). I usually wear cotton sweaters, but I have a couple wool sweaters maybe two or three. My favorite sweater that I have is my red cotton sweater. I never wear it anywhere except home and maybe other places. But
Kool-Aid, strawberry ice cream, and Doritos: What do these things have in common? Whether you realize it or not, many ordinary foods contain dyes. Some of the dyes are natural; others are synthetic. Is one better than the other?
There are two popular ways of creating nylon for fiber applications. One, ¡°molecules with an acid (COOH) group on each end are reacted with molecules containing amine (NH©ü) groups on each end.¡± The nylon 6,6 is made in this fashion. The other common way of making nylon fibers is by polymerizing a compound containing an amine at one end and an acid at the other, to form a chain with reoccurring groups of (-NH-[CH©ü]n-CO-)x. If the x=5, the fiber is named nylon 6 (Nylon Fiber).
Weaving is a common thread among cultures around the world. Weaving is a way of producing cloth or textile. Today we have machines that weave large-scale textiles at cheap prices. Production of cloth by hand is rarely engaged in today’s Westernized societies. Not many people are thinking about how the fibers are actually constructed to make their clothes. However, in other cultures across the world the tradition of weaving still exists. By comparing three cultures that continue weaving as a part of their tradition we can see similarities and the differences between them. The reasons that each culture still weaves vary, as do the methods and materials. The desired characteristics of the cloth also vary around the world as each culture values different aesthetics.
Photosynthetic pigments are essential for life because they allow photosynthesis to occur by capturing sunlight which is then used alongside carbon dioxide and water to form organic compounds such as glucose and oxygen. The pigments allow the conversion of light energy to chemical energy which other organisms can benefit from. Oxygen is utilised by other organisms in aerobic respiration. The different pigments present in the chloroplasts allow a wide variety of wavelengths of light to be absorbed for efficient photosynthesis and provide colours to the plant to attract pollinators.
Many, many things that we wear, sleep on, sleep under, walk on, or utilize in wound-care, etc., contain some percentage of cotton. It is a fiber that is used everyday, by everyone, in one way or another. It has qualities that have made it a choice crop for centuries around the world. Today though, cotton is being largely displaced by synthetic fibers that have qualities that exceed the natural crop plant. These fibers can also be mass-produced and sold at relatively lower costs.
present at all times but it must retain some of them. All plant life on Earth benefits from the ability of water to make a hydrogen bond with another substance of similar electronegative charge. Cellulose, the substance that makes up cell walls and paper products, is a hydrophilic substance ("water-loving"). It interacts with water but, unlike other hydrophilic substances, it will not dissolve in it. Cellulose can form strong hydrogen bonds with water molecules. This explains why a paper towel will "wick" water upwards when it comes in contact with it.
Fabrics can be made of natural and synthetic materials. Natural fabrics, like cotton (NY Fashion Center) for example, are found here on earth while synthetic fabrics are manmade (MV Styles). There are many distinguish ways to determine if a fabric is natural or synthetic. Each fabric is different in its own way due to it reaction to heat, its odor, residue and chemicals (MV Styles). Fabrics are seen and used every day and in every way. Synthetic material has been pushed more into the picture because it much easier to make and the cheapest to buy. Synthetic materials are sometimes made form fossil fuels like coal. Cotton and Broadcloth are natural fabrics; Polyester is synthetic and Flannel in a synthetic blend with cotton. Fabrics are made up of fibers which have their own chemical structure, which determines their classification. Polymers make up the fibers (Ball-Deslich and Funkhouser). Since cotton is natural, it comes from a natural cellulose fiber with the polymer of glucose (Cotton). Polyester is synthetic which can be classified as saturated or u...