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Personality theories in psychology
Personality theories in psychology
Personality theories in psychology
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Carl Rogers was heavily influenced by phenomenology which is the philosophical movement that maintains that everyone exists in the center of a phenomenal field (Engler, 331). In this context phenomenal is use in reference to its Greek root which means “that which appears or shows itself.” Using core concepts from this movement Rogers built his personality theory around the phenomenal field or the total sum of experiences consisting of everything that is potentially available to consciousness at any given moment (Engler, 331). Rogers believed that individuals responded to the phenomenal field in various ways and he focused on how the individual’s perceptions of reality impacted their behaviors. Overwhelming though, he believed organisms were motivated by the desire to maintain, actualize, and enhance themselves. This is the premise for Rogers’ views on self-actualization wherein he defines the actualizing tendency as part of a universal life force that is influenced by …show more content…
Allen is an individual motivated by the desire to enhance his life and achieve specific goals. Making him an excellent example of Rogers views on self-actualization. Allen also exhibits distinct characteristics that correspond with concepts in Rogers theory. He displays an organismic valuing process throughout his life as he dreams of attending college and finding a more fulfilling career. Additionally, through Rogers theory we are able to identify key components of Allen’s self-concept; mainly that he feels as if he is not the person people believe him to be. This feeling of inconsistency in perceived self and true self lends itself to Rogers’ concept of incongruence in personality. Allen exhibits all of these characteristics and more based on the limited information provided. Ultimately, Allen identifies his goal as a desire to move forward towards more competency and an enhanced
This essay will explore one of the possible combinations of theories on personality and explain how it can be applied in practical therapy.
Human assets experts regularly utilize the Big Five identity measurements to help place workers. That is on account of these measurements are thought to be the hidden qualities that make up a singular 's general identity. The "enormous five" are general classes of identity characteristics. While there is a critical collection of writing supporting this five-component model of identity, specialists don 't generally concur on the accurate marks for each one measurement. The Big Five characteristics are Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism:
Sigmund Freud provides a concept of how a person’s personality is structured and to have a healthy personality requires a balance in the interaction between the id, ego, and superego. Bandura’s theory of observational learning plays a vital role in the persons conditioning process. By understanding the basis of observational learning that includes modeling, disinhibition, and trolling, one can recognize the different types of reinforcements that contribute to how one learns and then behaves in situations throughout their life. The experience and knowledge of self-discovery comes gradually without an instantaneous impact. Although, moments of true realization can give one a release from past insecurities, doubt, and shame just to name a few. Such realizations can change how one views or feels about their past, which includes their choices, successes, failures, and the different relationships they have had from birth to the present. In conclusion, one should invest in getting to know their own personality to educate themselves and receive the benefits of a healthy state of mental
Many psychologists throughout many years present theoretical approaches in an attempt to understand personality. Hans Eysenck’s approach of personality differed from that of Sigmund Freud and his psychoanalytical theory of personality. Eysenck’s theory of personality relies on the scientific basis of biology in explaining human personality. Although Freud’s theories are intriguing to an open mind, Eysenck’s approach made measurable scientific sense. He relied on the use of trait and factor analysis, which is a statistical method. Freud relied on faith and his personal opinions based on observational research to reach the assumptions that set forth his theories (Feist & Feist, 2009). Eysenck and Freud did not agree on anything about understanding how and why the mind operates the way, it does.
Personality types stems from Carl Jung spend time observing personality preferences, which he later on published in his in 1921. Carl’s discovery of the two major typical differences in human psychology such as extrovert and introvert influenced Katherine Cook Briggs and her daughter Isabel Myers theories and lead them to experiment during World War II. Myers and Briggs worked on methods that would help women, who heretofore had no prior workplace experience, find those types of jobs that were most comfortable and effective (Myers & Myers, 1996). The three learning styles I have chosen to write about would meet the needs of the learners and provide an effective learner/teacher experience. Therefore, the need for learning level in people varies at all levels, to make sure the delivery method meets the learners’ expectation, it is important to re-evaluate the styles of learning chosen and make sure all background
The theory of personality of Erik Erikson is among one of the most important theories used to explain how people develop their personality. Although a psychoanalyst, Erikson it not merely considered the psychosexual aspect as the mere factors that contributed to the development of individuals’ personality, but also took into account the psychosocial aspect. Erikson divided personality development in eight stages: basic trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role diffusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. despair, (Cervone & Pervin, 2013; Johnson & Ahmad, 2014; Maitland, 2011).
Famous psychological theorists Sigmund Freud and Carl Rogers were both the greatest researchers in our modern time. They both made a lot of advancement in psychological fields, clinical evidence and expertise. They both developed a theory of 'hidden' personality’, in which the psychologists theorized that people have a ‘hidden' personality within them, one which they are not aware of. This concept indicated that the human nature and the role play in rationale behind the human motivation. Sigmund Freud and Carl Rogers do have same common in their theories. They were both influenced by working within their patients and shared the familiarity through the many years of clinical performance. Based on their experimental studies, Sigmund Freud believed that the human nature is inherently aggressive, and Carl Rogers sustained that the people are innately are good. Indeed, Sigmund Freud and Carl Rogers have diverse opinions and different assumptions on the personality of a human. During the contemporary scientific research, I prefer to agree with Roger’s theory over the Freudian model because it is more in tune with findings of my experiences.
The purpose of this research report is to investigate the personality of Beyoncé Knowles in terms of humanistic and trait conceptions of personality.
Personality Theories The Big Five Approach plays a major role in the process of understanding and analyzing a child’s outcome, as well as any adjustment issues that may occur during a child’s development. Along with these accomplishments, the Big Five approach has proven to be able to cover children, adolescents, and adults under one spectrum (Van den Akker et al., 2013). The article, “The development of personality extremity from childhood to adolescence: relations to internalizing and externalizing problems” provides an intense amount of information on personality theories and goes into depth about how personalities develop and how to distinguish between them as well. This study not only incorporated the study of personality extremity throughout childhood and adolescence, but the issues between personality extremities and personality adjustments as well (Van den Akker et al., 2013).
The study of personality traits is beneficial in identifying the many variables that exist from human to human; the combinations of these variables provide us with a true level of individuality and uniqueness. In the field of psychology, trait theory is considered to be a key approach to the study of human personality (Crowne, 2007; Burton, Westen & Kowalski, 2009). This paper aims to identify a number of significant contributors who have played crucial roles in both the development and application of trait theory. This paper then moves focus to these theorists, outlining their theory and analysing both the strengths and weaknesses of those theories. An illustration of the methods used in trait measurement is given and includes the arguments both for and against such procedures. Lastly the findings of trait theory and its components described within the paper will be summarised.
When thinking about my personality in regard to different personality theories, I felt that I could most relate to the humanistic theory. Carl Rogers described self-concept as a collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities and typical behavior. My self-concept is that I'm an easy-going, nice guy. If something happens that upsets me, I am pretty laid back about it and deal with it gradually. I like the fact that I'm easy going, and I don't want to suddenly start showing a temper or overreacting about things that I know I can get past calmly. Rogers also stressed the fact that our self-concept may not always be accurate. I like to think that I'm an intelligent human, but when others see my transcript, for example, they may think otherwise. But, on the other hand, when I am in a situation that I know a lot about, like hunting, another might think I am very intelligent. Others' view...
Cardinal traits are the traits that most powerfully influence an individual. They may define someone both internally and externally, meaning that people surrounding the individual may associate a person by this trait but not always. To have an incredibly overwhelming cardinal trait driving an individual is somewhat rare but an example may be someone who is known and defined by their innate friendliness towards others. Central traits on the other hand are smaller, more building block-like units of an individual’s personality. These traits are typically descriptive of someone’s behaviors like if they are nice, intelligent, or rude. Secondary traits are the weakest and least impressionable of all the traits. They’re typically brought on by situations like if an individual won’t make eye contact with someone they’ve just met or if they play with their hands while they’re nervous.
Erik Erikson was a German-born naturalized American psychologist and psychoanalyst. Erikson developed a psychosocial developmental theory; entailing eight life crisis stages, each with a desired achievement; that a person’s personality develops through their lifespan in regards to how the person is influenced by their social environment (Wilkinson & Treas, 2011). The purpose of this paper is to explain the last stage of Erikson’s theory, ego integrity vs. despair. Erikson explains that when an individual reaches older adulthood (65+ years old), they are faced with the life crisis of ego integrity vs. despair with the desired achievement of wisdom (Berger, 2011).
The self-discrepancy theory developed by Edward Higgins states that people have three basic domains of the self: actual, ideal, and ought. Each self can also vary based on its standpoint. The theory describes two different vantage points: own and other. The actual self represents the traits and characteristics that you possess and express in a social environment. The actual self can vary between what you picture yourself as, own viewpoint, and what others close to you picture you as, other viewpoint. Then there is the ideal self, which represents the characteristics and traits you desire, or others wish for you to have. The ought self is the representation of all the attributes you or others believe you should have, such as sense of duty and responsibilities. The ought self can either converge or diverge from the ideal self, depending on the person. There many other theories that develop further selves for various situations such as s...
In this essay I will describe the four major theories of personality and identify the advantages and disadvantages of each. The first major theory of personality is psychodynamic which was created by Sigmund Freud. The second major theory of personality is trait or five-factor model which is the most scientifically supported model. The third major theory of personality is humanistic, and Carl Rogers was the best known humanistic theorist. Finally, the fourth major theory of personality is social cognitive which was developed by social learning theorists.