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Womens inequality in the workplace
Unfair treatment of women in the workplace
Unfair treatment of women in the workplace
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Though it is arguably true that tremendous strides have been made for women’s rights, I firmly believe that there is still a discriminatory glass ceiling beyond which women cannot advance due to gender. Women possessing the skills and abilities of their male counterparts are blocked from the innermost circles of power and influence, and promotions to top-level managerial positions achieved by women lag behind the actual increase of women in the workforce. Ann Morrison, who describes the glass ceiling as subtle and transparent, yet strong enough to prevent women from moving up the corporate hierarchy, notes that it “is not simply a barrier for an individual, based on the person’s inability to handle a higher-level job. Rather, the glass ceiling applies to women as a group who are kept from advancing higher because they are women” (Breaking the Glass Ceiling, pp. 13).
This intangible barrier is linked to the notion of a status quo, in that male-dominated power structures are inclined to stay male-dominated. When deciding who to promote into top-level managerial positions, male corporate leaders have a tendency to select individuals as similar to themselves as possible. As a result, women are frequently not considered for promotions to executive and managerial roles. In addition, women who do achieve the title of “executive” are highly concentrated into the types of jobs that offer little or no opportunity for advancement to the top. They are not likely to serve in roles or capacities that are crucial to the success of the company, and both the tasks and duties performed, however well done, will not designate them as capable leaders within their organizations. Gender-based job segregation at the upper-levels of corporate management r...
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...valuated and affirmed by those around us. For women, however, this process is often interrupted, due to the fact that “when women display leadership behaviors we consider normative in men, we see them as unfeminine, [and] when women act more feminine, we don’t see them as leaders” (Sarah Green, Harvard Business Review). This issue is felt and internalized, rather than seen, and drastically decreases women’s motivation to lead within an organization. In contrast, Morrison notes that women, while kept from the innermost circles of leadership and power, and constantly, and with high intensity, purported to succeed: “the pressure is in being a minority, set apart by gender before anything is said or done, and in being responsible for representing women as a group because there is no one, or few others, to share that responsibility” (Breaking the glass ceiling, pp. 17).
Unfortunately, even today, women are still trying to prove themselves equal to men in many ways. The “glass ceiling” is perhaps one of the most familiar and evocative metaphors to surface from the 20th century. This expression has been used widely in the popular media as well as in official government reports. The image suggest that although it may be the case now that women are able to get through the front door professional hierarchies, at some point they hit an invisible barrier that blocks any further upward movement. “Below this barrier, women are able to get promoted; beyond this barrier, they are not”. Such a situation can be considered a limiting case for a more general phenomenon: situations in which the disadvantages women face relative to men strengthen as they move up executive hierarches. “Traditional approaches to recruitment, organization and job design, performance management and promotions are often designed in ways that are more suited to men than to women. This is what creates the glass ceiling”. Beyond the limit of job titles, the glass ceiling also creates a pay difference between men and women performing the same work requirements.
The glass ceiling is defined as the “unseen, yet unbreachable barrier that keeps… women from rising to the upper rungs of the corporate ladder, regardless of their qualifications or achievements.” According to the Department of Labor, the glass ceiling is made up of “artificial barriers [that are] based on attitudinal or organizational bias that prevent qualified individuals from advancing upward in their organization into management-level positions.” Qualified women are continuously denied a promotion to the highest levels of corporate America and other professions. Once women reach a certain level at their career, they plateau and the glass ceiling prevents them from advancing any higher.
Fisher, H. The Natural Leadership Talents of Women. In Enlightened Power: How Women are Transforming the Practice of Leadership.
This phenomenon was first described in a Wall Street Journal report by Hymowitz and Schellhardt (1986). Morrison, White and Velsor (1987) adopted the term in academic settings in their book titled: Breaking the Glass Ceiling: Can women Reach the top of America’s Largest Corporations? They defined glass ceiling as “a transparent barrier that kept women from rising above a certain level in corporations”. Many studies across different disciplines adopted the term since then (Bullard and Wright 1993; Cornwell and Kellough 1994; Crum and Naff 1997; Kellough 1989; Lewis and Emmert 1986; Lewis and Nice 1994; Mani 1997; Naff 1994; Naff and Thomas 1994; Newman 1994; Pfeffer and Davis-Blake 1987; Reid, Kerr, and Miller 2003; Wilson 2002). As a consequence, social psychologists provided the theoretical explanation of why there is fewer female on managerial positions. They came to the conclusion that this phenomenon is closely related to the fact that leadership is considered as a male quality. Traits that can be found in the literature, such as: ambitious, directive and risk-taking, are generally associated with men (Sabharwal, 2013). Moreover, there are some theories that try to expand the role of men in leadership even further. The “think-manager-thin-man” is undoubtedly dominating the literature (Agars
In the American society, we constantly hear people make sure they say that a chief executive officer, a racecar driver, or an astronaut is female when they are so because that is not deemed as stereotypically standard. Sheryl Sandberg is the, dare I say it, female chief operating officer of Facebook while Mark Zuckerberg is the chief executive officer. Notice that the word “female” sounds much more natural in front of an executive position, but you would typically not add male in front of an executive position because it is just implied. The fact that most of America and the world makes this distinction shows that there are too few women leaders. In Sheryl Sandberg’s book “Lean In,” she explains why that is and what can be done to change that by discussing women, work, and the will to lead.
Cappelli and Sherer (1991) argued that internal labor markets limit the influence of external labor markets on a variety of in- dividual outcomes, including skill acquisition and compensation. Simi- larly, Auster (1989) argued that task characteristics mediate the relation- ship between organizational context and individual compensation; Baron and Pfeffer (1993: 55) made a comparable argument about job titles and other "organizational categories." We follow in this general tradition; however, instead of emphasizing structural mediators between organizational context and individual outcomes, we focus on the mediating role of the cognitive processes of organizational decision makers. This focus is important because, as Reskin (1993: 250) has noted, although employers play a major role in creating and perpetuating gender segregation, "surprisingly little attention has been paid to the effect of employers' gender- role attitudes on their personnel decisions." Specifically, a scarcity of male applicants (or a large num- ber of female applicants) increases women's access to male-dominated jobs (see Reskin, 1993, for a review). Many firms create formal job ladders to govern the recruitment and mobility of employees (Doeringer &
Also, the majority of women have been able to secure employment from traditionally female occupations such as teaching compared to male-dominated careers like engineering. Moreover, democratic country like the United States of America has recognized gender inequality as a fundamental issue and espouse equal right between men and women in contributing to social, economic and cultural life. Despite this improvement, gender inequality persists as women are not represented and treated equally in the workplace (Michialidis, Morphitou, & Theophylatou, 2012). The increasing number of women in the workplace has not provided equal opportunity for career advancement for females due to the way women are treated in an organization and the society. Also, attaining an executive position seem impossible for women due to the glass ceiling effects which defines the invisible and artificial barrier created by attitudinal and organizational prejudices, which inhibit women from attaining top executive positions (Wirth
As a result, an audience is encouraged to support women’s rights and empathise with the daily discrimination they face in the workplace. Moreover, the satirist accentuates the barriers that are fuelled by gender and racial bias which keep women and minority racial groups from getting promotions, pay raises and further opportunities in corporations. This is accomplished by using the analogy of a ‘glass ceiling’ which represents the invisible informal barrier to women’s ascent in the workplace that is subtle to the point of being imperceptible yet unmistakably there. The scene of Leslie shattering the ‘glass ceiling’ parodies two events from the 2008 US elections; firstly, when
For many decades, women have faced inequalities in the workforce. At one point, they were not allowed to work at all. Although women's rights have improved and are now able to work alongside men, they are still treated unfairly. According to the 2012 U.S. Census, women’s earnings were “76.5 percent of men’s” (1). In 2012, men, on average, earned $47,398 and women earned only $35,791. This is when comparing employees where both gender spend the same amount of time working. Not only do women encounter unfairness in work pay, they also face a “glass ceiling” on a promotional basis. This glass ceiling is a “promotion barrier that prevents woman’s upward ability” (2). For example, if a woman is able to enter a job traditionally for men, she will still not receive the same pay or experience the same increase in occupational ability. Gender typing plays a huge role in the workplace. It is the idea that women tend to hold jobs that are low paid with low status. Women are not highly considered in leadership positions because of social construction of gender. Society has given women the role of “caretakers” and sensitive individuals. Therefore, women are not depicted as authoritative figures, which is apparent with the absence of women in leadership roles in companies. Furthermore, sex segregation leads to occupations with either the emphasis of women in a certain job or men in a certain job. In 2009, occupations with the highest proportion of women included “secretary, child care worker, hair dresser, cashier, bookkeeper, etc.” (3). Male workers typically held job positions as construction workers, truck drivers, taxi drivers, etc. (3). Sex segregation represents inequality because the gender composition for these jobs depends on what ...
“Research found that the men who exhibited resistance to women’s advancement were “more likely to populate the upper echelons of organizations and thus, occupy more powerful positions. ”(HBR 2012).As a result of all these factors, it is no wonder that there has been a lack of progress for women in the last few
It is no surprise that women are not able to take on less feminine jobs due to the lack of resources that are accessible to obtain because men always have a better advantage. In “Research On Women Business Owner: Past Trends, a New Perspective and Future Directions,” Dr. Candida Brush, a Division Chair for Entrepreneurship, states, “Since 1970, the percentage of businesses owned by women has increased from 5 percent to 30 percent” (Brush 1038). The increase in the percentage demonstrates how society has changed by providing women with advantages they did not acquire in previous years. Although it is less likely to be seen, women can currently become a chief executive officer without being judged and even get admired by other wome...
Women, in today’s society are facing dilemmas in different occupations as they become more suitable for leadership positions. “Traditional definitions of leadership are challenged by the changing demographic of society in the United States, increasing numbers of women in leadership roles in the counseling profession, and shifting expectations in the workplace” (Levitt 66). Although, women status has improved over the past century, they are still lacking access to power and leadership compared to men (Carli & Eagly 629). Furthermore, according to many researchers, women are still underrepresented in the workforce; facing barriers against stereotypes, gender differences and inequality with men.
The term “glass ceiling” in corporate America entered mainstream consciousness in the 1980s, although progress at the national level can be traced back to the civil right movements of the 1960s. At that time, concerns had mounted regarding racial inequities, but the feminist movement soon brought gender equality to the forefront. While the “glass ceiling” originally referred to the maximum potential that women could achieve in organizations, it is commonly defined as “a barrier so subtle that it is transparent, yet so strong that it prevents women and minorities from moving up in the management hierarchy” (1990, Morrison & Gilnow, pg.) and thus has come to include racial and ethnic minorities as well. “Women of all races and colors found their
career • Gender labelling What Research Shows: The workplace is riddled with contradiction. For instance, women hold only 24% of CEO positions, worldwide. Despite being in high-level positions, these female CEOs experience the same wage gap issue as of any other woman’s in the workplace. Yet, these female CEOs bring in greater margins and profitability when compared to male-led organizations.
The subject being studied is very important to study because of the large gender gap that exists. The debate over “whether men and women are fundamentally different or similar” has been around for decades” (Hyde, 2014). History has shown that women’s ability to gain leadership positions “has been hindered by discrimination and stereotyping” and it is important to find out what is