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About intersectionality
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The level of judicial scrutiny that should apply to claims of discrimination based on sexual orientations is level 2: intermediate scrutiny. The reason why is because these are classifications based on gender and illegitimacy, which is part of intermediate scrutiny. Governments that distinguish between groups because of gender or illegitimacy must prove that the laws are “substantially related to an important government people.” This level relates to gender; therefore, heterosexual, bisexual, or homosexual can fall into that category. Some people with different sexual orientations are criticized harshly and have limited rights to them because they are treated differently. In the Supreme Court’s analysis in Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000),
In the case of Schmidt v. Massapequa High School, the plaintiff, Schmidt, alleged negligent of the voluntary assistant coach and Massapequa UFSD (Union Free School District). On January 22, 2008, Vincent D’Agostino, who was a voluntary assistant coach at Massapequa High School, was allowed to participate in a wrestling practice by Massapequa UFSD. During the practice, D’Agostino picked the plaintiff up and threw him to the ground. While they were matching, D’Agostino’s body fell onto the body of the plaintiff, causing the plaintiff’s injury, fracture. Thus, the plaintiff, Schmidt, argued that Massapequa UFSD did not supervise D’Agostino correctly, and stated that the application of the doctrine of primary assumption is unwarranted. The plaintiff submits his own affidavit, his mother’s affidavit, and an affidavit of Steven Shettner. Since this case was submitted by the plaintiff, it is considered as a civil case. Shettner is an experienced wrestling coach. He states that there is risk of causing an injury in extracurricular sports; however, awareness of the risk assumed is to be assessed against the background of the skill and experience of the particular plaintiff.
A teacher’s most important duty is to protect the students they are in charge of. This duty includes both reasonably protecting students from harm and, when a student is harmed, reporting it to the proper authorities (Gooden, Eckes, Mead, McNeal, & Torres, 2013, pp. 103-109). There have been many court cases that reiterate this duty of school staff. One such case is Frugis v. Bracigliano (2003) where many staff at a school failed in their duty to protect students and allowed abuse to continue for years.
The People vs. Hall and Dread Scott Decision both were very interesting cases. Their similarities zoomed to expose the preamble of the Constitution and make the authors of it think over what they meant by "all men are created equal." This question is still present today, are all men created equal? Or does it mean by men, the white Americans with European decent?
The primary responsibility of student discipline falls on the school officials. Disciplining students helps with keeping order in the school, and the main reason for discipline is to keep the safety of entities of the school. However, discipline can be hard when the issues happen outside school grounds, especially for issues that occur through social media platforms, also known as off-campus speech. Off-campus speech is very tricky to deal with, and as school personnel, we need to make sure we do not take action based on students’ opinions until we know the facts and the law behind our actions.
We, all, have the opportunity to voice our opinion on subjects that matter to us. The First Amendment grants us freedom of speech and expression. However, this was not provided to all students in 1968. During this time, there were three students in Des Moines, Iowa, who wore black armbands to school. These armbands were a symbol of protest against the United States involvement in the Vietnam War. After the Des Moines School District heard about this plan, they instituted a policy banning the wearing of armbands, leading to the suspension of students. A lawsuit has been filed against the Des Moines School District, stating how this principal goes against the students’ First Amendment rights. Thus, in the Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District case, Justice Abe Fortes determined the policy to ban armbands is against the students’ First Amendment rights. Yet, Justice Hugo Black dissented with this decision, determining the principal is permissible under the First Amendment.
Many Supreme Court cases in the United States have reassured its citizens’ rights. One of those cases was that of the 1965 Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District case. This case was about five students who were suspended from school for wearing black armbands. Should the students have been suspended? The Tinker v. Des Moines case was a very controversial Supreme Court case in which the right to freedom of speech and expression for students in public schools was violated.
The Impact of the Dred Scott Case on the United States The Dred Scott Case had a huge impact on the United States as it is today. The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments have called it the worst Supreme Court decision ever rendered and was later overturned. The Dred Scott Decision was a key case regarding the issue of slavery; the case started as a slave seeking his rightful freedom and mushroomed into a whole lot more. 65
Langston Hughes wrote a poem, in 1951, called “Harlem”. It sums up the play A Raisin in the Sun, by Lorraine Hansberry: “What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? Or fester like a sore- and the run? Does it stink like rotten meat? Or crust and sugar over- like a syrupy sweet? Maybe it just sags like a heavy load. Or does it explode?” Lorraine Hansberry uses this poem to open A Raisin in the Sun. This dialogue suggests what happens to the African American’s dream during the Brown v. Board of Education trials. While critiquing this play I was a little disappointed that Brown v. Board of Education was not discussed directly. However, I did find the plot of the play, and the people who were attending it to be very interesting.
The Dred Scott decision of the Supreme Court in March 1857 was one of the major steps
In December 1965, an issue was caused by teachers’ in violating students’ freedom of speech. In December some students from Des Moines Independent Community School District, in Iowa were suspended for wearing black armbands to protest against the American Government’s war policy in support Vietnam (Richard, Clayton, and Patrick).The school district pressed a complaint about it, although the students caused no harm to anyone. Students should be able to voice their opinions without the consequences of the school district.
For some background, this case escalated to the Supreme Court since several groups of same-sex couples from different states, sued state agencies when their marriage was refused to be recognized. As it escalated through appeals, the plaintiffs argued that the states were violating the Equal Protection clause and the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Equal Protection, according to the Constitution refers to the fact that, “any State [shall not] deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law…” (23). The opposition of this case was that, 1) The Constitution does not address same-sex marriage as a policy, and 2) The sovereignty of states regarding the decision. Ultimately, and according to the Oyez project, the Court held that “[the Amendment] guarantees the right to marry as one of the fundamental liberties it protects, and that analysis applies to same-sex couples,” and therefore, same-sex marriage is a fundamental liberty.
Rationale: Previously, in California’s Education Code, it only specifically prohibits discrimination based on “sex, ethnic group identification, race, national origin, religion, color, or mental or physical disability” (Cal. Edu. Code §200). The code did not mention sexual orientation or gender non-conformity; the purpose of this act is to include those two and create protection for any students in public school who may fall into the two categories. AB537 also include an expansive definition of gender to include not only biological sex, but also students who appearances or behavior is different than that traditionally associated with their assigned sex. Additionally,
In April 2002, Texas’s highest criminal court, The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, refuses to hear Lambda Legal’s appeal. In July 2002, Lambda Legal request U.S. Supreme Court to review the constitutional regarding The “Homosexual Conduct” law. The case presents the high court with two independent Constitutional claims that Lambda Legal urges to review: 1) Equal protection 2) Rights of privacy and liberty. December 2002, U.S. Supreme Court agrees to hear the case. In January 2003, Lambda Legal files its brief urging U.S. Supreme Court to overturn Texas’s “Homosexual Conduct” law. March 2003, Lambda Legal presents oral arguments before U.S. Supreme Court challenging the constitutionality of the Texas “Homosexual Conduct”
Homosexuality, LGBT community, and gay marriage, are all terms that are commonly heard in the news today. Whether it is a protest, a pride march, or simply a marriage license, the members of these groups are making themselves heard. There are mainly two groups concerning this movement. There is the group in support, and the group against. The question asked, “Is homosexuality immoral?” Not only that question, but also the more complicated one of why? According to a poll taken earlier this year by Statista, 63% of Americans believe gay or lesbian relations to be morally acceptable. The main reasons why Americans believe this type of lifestyle is acceptable are equal rights and personal choice. Earlier this year the American Supreme Court ruled
In the eyes of the Supreme Court, same-sex couples do not meet the prerequisites and qualifications needed to be legally married. The old-fashioned idea of marriage consists of a husband and a wife, where the man works and provides for the family while the woman stays home to tend the children. It’s no mystery that these outdated