METHODOLOGY A strategy to be able to do the research in a structured manner was set up. This was needed so to be able to view the research question and be able to answer it in a structured manner, for this reason concepts were identified and listed. Concept 1: Osteoporosis, Osteopenia, Fracture*, Bone mineral density Concept 2: Cerebral palsy Concept 3: Child*, Concept 4: Treatment* GENERAL POINTS A review of the literature that highlights bone Osteopenia in children with cerebral palsy and how it is managed has been done. Due to constraints such as time, it was not possible to allow other methods, such as quantitative research using a questionnaire. The method still had to follow a rigorous, well defined method that involves a research …show more content…
Was the ideal method chosen? If the above requirements were satisfied, the paper was read and critically appraised in more detail, using checklists provided. A detailed description using a methodical approach of the two papers chosen will be done. Exclusion Criteria To identify exclusion criteria a search was done. This initial search resulted in papers focussing on the adult bone health and on children with other disabilities suffering also from problems related to the bones, therefore it was decided that these should be eliminated. Papers in the English language were only accepted and the cut off date was 10 years from the start of this module. Unpublished research was also excluded. Using books that were not electronically available was not done due to the long distances. The key words that have been chosen could have removed important published papers. RESULTS The search that was done with Pub med found 104 results. These were reduced to 75 by reviewing papers of the last 10 years and were further reduced to 67 when only human papers were chosen. When only papers that involved clinical trials where shortlisted the list went down to 14. Using the English language and child participants filters these decreased to
Dear Aunt Sally, as woman reach menopause, the estrogen in their body rapidly declines. Our bones are constantly remolding themselves all through life. As estrogen is a necessary hormone in bone development, the onset of menopause and subsequent loss of estrogen can be catastrophic for our skeletal system. The bone loss starts off as Osteopenia.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is a disease that is commonly referred to as brittle bone disease. Children with OI tend to have more fragile bones than children who are not affected and are very susceptible to bone fractures. With the correct support and proper management, the patient and their family can live relatively normal and happy lives.
Binder, Helga, MD, et al. "Rehabilitation Approaches to Children With Osteogenesis Imperfecta: A Ten-Year Experience" Arch Phys Med Rehabil 74 (1993): 386-390.
2. a) The research design used in this study is the case study design. It is classified
Haller (1763) injected a clear fluid into the periosteum showing that “the origin of bone is the artery carrying the blood and in it the mineral elements” putting forward the idea that the cardiovascular system was responsible for bone formation. This was supported by the previous work of Hunter (1754)
Osteoporosis is a common problem worldwide. It affects people of all races and ages. Older people are particularly prone to the disease because the ageing process involves bone weakening,
Osteopenia can be seen as beginning stage of osteoporosis. Osteopenia is classified when bone density is lower than normal but not so low that it can be classified as being osteoporosis. It can be caused by several different diseases, conditions, or may be something that is natural to the person who has it. It can also be caused by eating disorders, and metabolism disorders. Chemotherapy and medicines such as steroids are also known to be causes as well as being exposed to radiation.
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), also known as brittle bone disease, is a rare genetic disorder with the main characteristic being that the bones break very easily, usually for no apparent reason. The major cause of osteogenesis imperfecta is a mutation in the genes that produce collagen. Collagen is the main protein that works toward the production of connective tissue. Individuals with this disorder will produce less collagen than needed, which causes the bone development to be endangered. This could result in bone deformities. There are four types of osteogenesis imperfecta, and in all four types you will see bone fragility with multiple fractures and bone deformities.
Osteoporosis is a bone disease of that causes a decrease in bone mass. In osteoporosis the bones become weak and fragile. Since the bone mass is decreased, the bones have more of chance of fractures. The bone is continuously breaking down by cells which is known as osteoclasts and rebuilding by other cells known as osteoblasts. Osteoporosis happens once the reabsorption causes the bones to reach a fracture threshold. Any fall or lifting action that would not ordinarily bruise or strain the common person would break one or additional bones in somebody with severe osteoporosis. “Women of fair, freckled complexion with blonde or reddish hair, and women from northwest European background have a higher incidence of osteoporosis than the general population” (Rosdahl, 2012, p.1248). Osteoporosis most commonly happens in postmenopausal women. Some risk factors include age, menstrual status, smoking, sedentary lifestyle caffeine use, and alcohol consumption.
Osteopetrosis is a rare, genetic disease that causes extremely dense and brittle bones. This is because individuals affected with osteopetrosis do not have normal osteoclasts, which bones need to work correctly. Healthy bones require properly functioning osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts are responsible for making new bones and osteoclasts are bone cells that are responsible for bone resorption, which is the breaking down of bones and providing space for new bone marrow to grow. An individual with osteopetrosis has osteoclasts that do not function properly, therefore their bones are not healthy (Stocks, Wang, Thompson, Stocks, & Horwitz, 1998).
Methods. Literature for this concept analysis was accessed from the TSU online library using CINAHL database, our textbook and literature found on the internet. The Walker and Avant’s (1995) concept analysis method was used to guide this concept analysis.
The big picture. Where the two schools of medicine differ is in philosophy. Doctors of osteopathy "treat people, not just symptoms," says Karen Nichols, dean of the Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine. "The course list looks exactly the same, but the M.D.'s focus is on discrete organs. The osteopathic focus is that all of those pieces are interrelated. You can't affect one with out affecting another." That means paying more than simple lip service to the idea of the "whole" patient: It means that diagnosis and treatment rely on an examination of a person's environment and family and general situation as well as his or her body. Not surprisingly, about 65 percent of the nation's 52,000 licensed osteopaths (by comparison, the country boasts at least 900,000 M.D.'s) are primary-care physicians. The American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine has a description of osteopathic training, as well as short profiles of 20 schools, at www.aacom.org. The D.O. programs and their contact information are listed in the directory section of this book.
This study analyzed skull radiographs of 195 patients with osteogenesis imperfecta. Many people with osteogenesis imperfecta have a large number of wormian bones and are diagnosed with having SNWB (significant number of wormian bones) when they have 10 or more visible wormian bones. However, those with osteogenesis imperfecta are not the only ones with SNWB as it can also occur in other skeletal diseases and in cases of ‘‘purposeful skull deformation.’’ In this study, they found that a significant number of wormian bones occurred in all types of osteogenesis imperfecta and that 58% of patients with OI types I, III, and IV were positive for SNWB. This study found a strong correlation between occurrence of SNWB and a patient’s OI disease severity.
Planning or conducting a study requires research and a good design. “A good design, one in which the components work harmoniously together, promoting efficient and successful functioning; a flawed design leads to poor operation or failure” (Maxwell, 2013, p. 2). When conducting research, the research questions are the normal starting point. They are what drives the study and, therefore, the piece that controls the design which all other components must follow (Maxwell, 2013). With the research questions at the center of the design, unlike typical research models, the interactive model of research design is connected in such a way as to provide