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Racism and literature
Features of spoken vs written language
Relationship between spoken language and written language
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Stories have existed since the beginning of mankind. Going back as far as ancient Greece in history, or even further back, one can examine the many different types of stories that have been passed down. The Ancient Greeks wrote about gods and developed drama; the Romans passed down biographies of Caesars containing their life achievements as well as their failures; numerous stories questioning the institution of slavery were produced here in American. Usually by reading the work of an author one is able to find a message or a moral hidden beneath the storyline. In most cases, authors dictate their writings in their culture’s dialect for many different reasons, many reasons of which that would not conclude them as being racist for using it. Black Dialect is used in many stories throughout American history. This dialect represents a time period of freedom. The representation of dialect writing was a “chain” it linked African American’s to a conventional past that was contrived by others (Nicholls 277). The dialectal writings show no concern for racism. The American language is intended to absorb the racial and ethnical differences (Nicholls 279). Its intent is sought for the reader’s attention not only by the storyline itself but by the dialect it uses to draw out the reader’s imagination in the story. Also known as Black English, Black dialect, like many other dialects is drastically identified as a complete, “rule-governed”, form of language. To those who use black dialect, there is a less sufficient understanding of the actual meaning. The black community may protest Black English because of the controversy it causes. Because of these effects, some concluded that black people suffered from “self hatred” due to dominatio... ... middle of paper ... ...has in common, it creates new beginnings, new meanings, for so many different things. As Michael North stated, “Language exists and grows by inclusion” (Nicholls 281). Works Cited Dundes, Lauren, and Bill Spence. "If Ida Kown: The Speaker Versus The Speech In Judging Black Dialect." Teaching Sociology 35.1 (Jan 2007): 85-93. JSTOR. Web. 10 Feb. 2010. . Lauter, Paul, John Alberti, and Mary Brady. The Heath Anthology of American Literature, Volume C. Wadsworth Pub Co, 2009. 37-108. Print. Mary Rhodes, Hoover. "Community Attitudes Toward Black English." Language in Society 7.1 (Apr 1978): 65-87. JSTOR. Web. 10 Feb. 2010. . Nicholls, David G. "Review: untitled." University of Chicago Press 95.2 (NOV 1997): 276-81. JSTOR. Web. 19 Feb. 2010. .
Throughout history society has created many stereotypes and assumptions based on race and nationality to confine us into categories. The reality is, not every individual fits a specific category because we are unique even within the same ethnic group. In “On Being Told I Don’t Speak Like a Black person” Allison Joseph illustrates some speech stereotypes that come hand in hand with her racial background and how even people from the same racial background and house hold don’t all sound alike. The author portrays that race and linguistic has such a huge impact on our daily life and how society sees her differently to others when they see she does not fit in the stereotype of sounding “like a black person” and feels frustration to being compared
This marginalization is still prevalent today, as Black English is still overwhelmingly stigmatized and discredited in nearly all academic settings, particularly within American culture. Jordan’s demonstration that Black English is not given respect or afforded validity in academic and social settings still rings true today. Black English-speaking students see little to no representation of their language in the classroom, and are often actively discouraged from speaking the language of their community and of their upbringing. This suppression and delegitimization of a valid method of communication represents colonialist and white supremacist notions of language, social homogeneity, and latent institutional racism, and has negative, even dire, consequences for the students
In the essay if Black English Isn’t a Language, Then Tell Me, What is? by James Baldwin and Mother Tongue by Amy Tan both shows idea of uses of slang and language in different context. In the essay if Black English Isn’t a Language, Then Tell Me, What is? Baldwin states that how language has changed and evolved overtime, Baldwin describes how black English were used as white English, in civil rights movement where blacks were treated as slaves and the used slang language to communicate so that the whites won’t understand. This slang was taken from black language and now everyone uses to make the communication short. In the essay Mother Tongue Tan explains that how language could affect people from different culture. Tan states that how Asian students in America struggle in English. Tan also states that her mother is smart but she couldn’t communicate in English. Tan thinks that’s a big disadvantage for her mother and people coming from different countries cannot show their talent because of their weakness in communication.
Smitherman is certainly qualified to address her colleagues about the treatment of “Black English” in academia, but with such a charged writing style it is possible that her audience would not make it to her conclusion. Smitherman assumes that the general base of her audience are “White English” speakers that can understand “Black English”. She also assumes that all African Americans speak the same way. These assumptions are her first major problem. At the time of this articles publication in 1973, it is conceivable that certain scholars would have ignored the piece because of its hybrid u...
Recent studies have been conducted to bring AAVE in schools which will result in higher test scores, however people are disagreeing with the idea because they don't want their children to learn “slags”, but AAVE is not a slang, just like standard English. “African American vernacular English, also known as “black speech” was created in 1973 by a group of black scholars who dislike the negative connotation of terms like “ nonstandard negro english” that has been cast in the late 1960s when the first modern large scale linguistic studies of African American speech communities begin”(John R. Rickford,2000). For many years, linguistics have treated AAVE as slang because they didn't want to give African American slaves the right to their own language. This all changed December 1996 when the “Oakland school board recognized AAVE as the primary language of its African American students, and took it into consideration to teach them standard English”(Monaghan 1997).
Language can be defined as "a regularized symbolic code that connects its users in a symbiosis of substance" (Blackshire-Belay 1). Not only are we produced by language, but we produce through language (Blackshire-Belay 1). In other words, language is a very integral part of our lives, especially in literature. It can even be said that literature, "in its most profound sense, is the most complex use of language to create meaning" (Blackshire-Belay 4). Therefore, its importance should not be looked upon lightly. In both Baby of the Family and Black Girl Lost, it seems that language is being used in order to convey the minority experience to readers, whether they be of the African American race or the dominant culture. To accomplish this, each novel displays Africanisms, or qualities that are very common in the African American language. These qualities include emphatic speech such as double negatives, call and response phrases and also metaphorical language.
Wolfe, Andrea Powell. “Double-Voicedness in “Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl”: “Loud Talking” to a Northern Black Readership.” ATQ 22.3 (2008): 517-525. World History Collection. EBSCO. Web. 24 Sep. 2011.
Racism was and forever will be a dark part of the American past, and no one can change that, no matter how many books one may alter. In this book a number of dialects are used, to wit: the Missouri negro dialect; the extremest form of the backwoods Southwestern dialect; the ordinary “Pike County” dialect; and four modified varieties of this last. The shadings have not been done in a haphazard fashion, or by guesswork; but painstakingly, and with the trustworthy guidance and support of personal familiarity with these several forms of speech. I make this explanation for the reason that without it, many readers would suppose that all these characters were trying to talk alike and not succeeding. (Twain 2)
In Baldwin 's article If Black English Isn 't A Language Then Tell Me What Is? starting off by telling the readers about French speaking people. He is explaining how different dialects doesn 't mean people aren 't speaking the same language. Going deeper about language saying that it ties into the culture. Give an example of Black Culture and how their expression of English is different. Talking about the phrases like jazz me, baby, sock it to me, and funky; being used that way they weren 't meant to. Finally introducing how the African American culture has been disrespected or ignored. Telling
T is of African American heritage the group of people that predominantly uses the particular variety of English used in the phrase. The dialect used by Mr. T and African Americans has origins that can be traced back to the slave trade and the slave experience. There are two hypotheses that try to explain how this dialect arose. One theory asserts that the dialect arose from communities that were from West African and who had contacts with English speakers of different varieties (Dillard, 1972). These groups took what they could from the English language in order to facilitate communication with native English speakers who were the slave owners. Because of the origins from West African languages, AAVE a lot of vocabulary and grammatical structure is shared. This theory asserts that the language developed through second language acquisition and that through the years the language has undergone what is known as decreolization; this being the move towards standard American English. The other theory notes that the language developed just like any other American English dialect (Kurath, 1964)
A dialectic is the process of synthesizing truth by holding contradictory ideas in tension. Since Richard Wright’s short story “Long Black Song” and Zora Neale Hurston’s short story “Sweat” have opposing arguments they must engage in a dialectic. Both stories examine the oppression of the African American race, but they find different sources for its difficulties and demise. In “Long Black Song”, Silas, while expressing his frustration for the superiority of the white men, articulates that the black woman is the source of African American difficulties. In “Sweat”, Sykes’s encounter with death reveals that the African American man’s arrogance is the cause of the demise of the African American race. Wright’s short story “Long Black Song” and Hurston’s short story “Sweat” engage in a dialectic, in which “Sweat” repudiates “Long Black Song”, and produce the truth that one’s hubris that is the source of the difficulties of one’s race and the demise of oneself.
Elements of minority cultures are continually hijacked, re-invented and commercialized until the origin and cultural significance becomes unknown to its consumers. Notably, languages and dialects such as Spanish and African American Vernacular English, often crossover into popular culture and mainstream media. In Jane H. Hill text, “Language, Race, and White Public Space,” Hill points to the appropriation of Spanish by Whites through the usage of “Mock Spanish,” a mix between English and Spanish. According to Hill, Mock Spanish is harmful because it reduces Spanish to a colloquialism and reproduces stereotypes that construct “white public spaces” in which it is only acceptable for white people to use Spanish. In the same way that Mock Spanish is a “racist discourse,” the crossover of African American Vernacular English into popular culture is pervasive and dangerous because it erases the voices of black people and belittles the cultural significance of African American Vernacular English in Black
Rickford, J. R. (n.d.). What is Ebonics? (African-American Vernacular English). Stanford University. Retrieved July 12, 2010, from http://www.lsadc.org/info/pdf_files/Ebonics.pdf
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Ethnic features of language are manifested as differences in narrative style and dialect. As a community, African Americans utilize dialectal patterns and surface structure markings of referential forms uniquely different from mainstream referential expressions. Among these is the overuse of pronominal apposition (Joey, he drove my car) (Rickford, 1992), the associative plural strategy for pronominal use (Sonny and them) (Rickford 1986), reflexive pronouns (They had theyself a good time) (Rickford 1986), additions (We laughed and we sang) (Rickford, 1992), subject deletions (i.e., ellipses) (Ø come with me) (Sutcliffe & Wong, 1986); consecutivization, where one event is coupled with