In this lab, we are finding the number of molecules in one mole. To do so we use Avogadro's number as a reference. Avogadro's number is 6.02 x 10^23 and the final calculation at the end of the experiment should be close to this number. Avogadro's number represents that if there is an equivalent number of gases that are present at the same temperature they will all contain the same number of molecules as each-other. Using the calculations given a number of molecules in a mole of oleic acid can be found.
The unknown bacterium that was handed out by the professor labeled “E19” was an irregular and raised shaped bacteria with a smooth texture and it had a white creamy color. The slant growth pattern was filiform and there was a turbid growth in the broth. After all the tests were complete and the results were compared the unknown bacterium was defined as Shigella sonnei. The results that narrowed it down the most were the gram stain, the lactose fermentation test, the citrate utilization test and the indole test. The results for each of the tests performed are listed in Table 1.1 below.
In this lab, we estimated the VO2 max for one subject on both the arm bike and treadmill. Estimating VO2 max is relevant because it allows the subject to compare their results with normal limits for their age and gender and see where they fall. It can also be used to make an exercise prescription in order to improve or keep a closer eye on your bodies own personal limits. Lastly, estimated VO2 max can be used as a diagnostic test to acquire information about a person’s health.
As the solution pH can influence the stability of NaClO-NH3 blend and the elimination of SO2, NOx, the impact of the pH of NaClO-NH3 blend solution on the instantaneous removal as well as the duration time was investigated, and the final pH after reaction was also detected and shown in Fig. 5. It can be seen that the variation of solution pH has a negligible effect on the desulfurization, but the elevated pH has a great promotion on the NOx removal, the efficiencies are significantly increased from 36% to 99% for NO2 in the pH range of 5–12 and from 19% to 65% for NO when the pH is between 5 and 10, after where, both of them are constant. Hence, the optimal pH of the NaClO-NH3 solution for the
1972 fluid mosaic model. Lipids are commonly recognized as fats, oils, wax, etc. There are three
As a result, the laboratory experiment was determined to be successful and the two product samples obtained and completed calculations displayed that overall bromide was a stronger nucleophile as the chloride ion was more electronegative than bromide, which allowed it to hold electrons in closerE. In conclusion, since bromide is less electronegative and has more electrons, it was able to share the unpaired electrons more easily than chlorideA. These results were expected, as the alkyl bromide would be the major product of procedure A as it followed the SN2 mechanism which was based on nucleophile strength and the product from procedure B would be a near-equal mixture as it followed the SN1 reaction mechanismC. The methods used during this experiment allowed for a successful completion and determination of the better nucleophile, but other additions and observations would have been interesting and beneficial as well. A possible examination of the two sample products collected using pH tested values or observation of sample spotted chromatography paper under a
Performing this experiment, we used the technique called Acid-Base extraction to isolate Eugenol, which is one of the main ingredients of clove oil. Acid-Base extraction is the most efficient method for isolating organic component; it is efficient because it purifies the acid and base mixture based on their chemical identities. We have seen throughout this experiment that acid and base play an important role, when it comes to solubility in water. Our basic knowledge of acid and base is acid is a proton donor and base is a proton acceptor. This ideology helps us to understand why organic compounds are not soluble in water. When compounds tend to be insoluble, we have to use acid and base reaction, to change its solubility. The changes that occurred
The dichotomous keys show process of elimination taking place and several steps that were performed to the two unknown bacteria. Bacteria number one was concluded to be either S. aureus or E. faecals. As shown, a gram stain was performed to bacteria 1, because it helped in separating the bacteria into Gram negative or positive. Bacteria 1 was Gram positive bacteria, so the next step was to eliminate the bacteria that were bacilli, because under the microscope the bacteria was shown to be cocci. Then a lactose test was performed, because it helped me in determining the bacteria metabolism (if lactose was utilized as a sugar by the bacteria) (“Phenol Red Broth”, n.d). Lastly, with the help of process of elimination a MSA test was performed to
Obesity a risk factor in which excess body fat accumulates and can have negative effects on your health. Here we identify how the hormone insulin reacts in 3T3-L1 fibroblasts and its role on adipogenesis. Adipogenesis is the development of fat cells from pre adipocytes. Insulin is an important factor in the differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre adipocytes to mature adipocytes. Oil Red O (ORO) is used to demonstrate the presence of lipids in each different treatment. A spectrophotometer is used to get the optical density of liquid at the different insulin concentrations. One factor CREB is revealed from preadipocytes to mature adipocytes. By demonstrating how insulin triggers transcription factors. When cells are insulin induced CREB is activated in differentiation. Insulin increased the rate of differentiation and the amassing of triglycerides in 3T3-L1 cells . Insulin was able to induce adipogenesis by observing cell morphology and optical density of liquid from ORO stain. Insulin at 1 µg/ml had the optimal rate of differentiation compared to the other insulin concentrations. Morphology of cells changed significantly from Day 0 to Day 7 at 1 µg/ml and appeared larger and
Abstract: Using Ion Exchange Chromatography, cellulase was purified. After purification, it was analyzed using a DNS test. The purified protein did not respond to the DNS the way it was expected to.
The percentage of NaHCO3 and Na2CO3 calculated from the final unknown test was 77.15% Na2CO3 and 22.85% NaHCO3 (refer to table 3). This was calculated by calibrating an equation in the form of Y = MX + B to the data provided (refer to graph 3). This was able to be done because there was a clear correlation in the data. The greater the amount of NaHCO3, the higher the pressure. When the solution contained 0.2g of Na2CO3, the reaction pressure was 118.45 ka/p, at 0.1g of Na2CO3 and 0.1g of NaHCO3 the pressure was 133.00 ka/p, and at 0.2g of NaHCO3 the pressure was at 146.61. (refer to table 3)
I believe that the first unknown solution is made up of molecular compounds. This is because the solution had very little conductivity, meaning there was not an equal amount of ions broken down in the solution. The solution had no scattering, which means the molecular compounds were fully dissolved in their solvent, which was not water. When tap water was added to solution 1, the color changed from green to blue. If water was the original solvent, we would not see this color change. The absorption spectrum follows most of what the color green would absorb on its own: red, blue, and purple wavelengths. However, there was some absorption of the green wavelength. The first solution has the highest overall absorbance
LAB REPORT 1st Experiment done in class Introduction: Agarose gel electrophoresis separates molecules by their size, shape, and charge. Biomolecules such as DNA, RNA and proteins, are some examples. Buffered samples such as glycerol and glucose are loaded into a gel. An electrical current is placed across the gel.
The data refutes the hypothesis that decreasing the potassium concentration in a cell will increase the height of the peak of the action potential. Instead, the decreasing potassium concentration in a cell will decrease the height of the peak action potential. A cardiac cell has a unique action potential shape because of the presence of calcium channels [REF 7]. The action potential of a cardiac cell begins with a resting potential near -90mV. This is because of the much larger potassium Nernst potential. At this point the sodium and calcium channels are closed. Then an action potential from a nearby cell causes the membrane potential to rise above -90mV [REF 7]. Sodium channels begin to open and sodium ions leaks into the cell further raising
Avogadro is well known for his hypothesis known as Avogadro's Law. His law states that at a given temperature, equal volumes of gas contain the same number of molecules equal to about 6.0221367 x 10 to the 23rd power.A Mole of a substance is the quantity of the substance that weights the same as its molecular mass. One mole of any substance is Equal to Avogadro's number. Therefore Avogadro's law can be stated in terms of moles, namely that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of moles.
For the experiment, the effect of different alkaline solutions on the quality of yellow wet noodles was investigated. Four different formulations were used. For formulation A, sodium carbonate was used; formulation B, soda ash; formulation C, potassium carbonate and formulation D was the control with no alkaline solution added.