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Chemical reaction lab
Observations of chemical reactions lab
Chemical reactions lab
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As a result, the laboratory experiment was determined to be successful and the two product samples obtained and completed calculations displayed that overall bromide was a stronger nucleophile as the chloride ion was more electronegative than bromide, which allowed it to hold electrons in closerE. In conclusion, since bromide is less electronegative and has more electrons, it was able to share the unpaired electrons more easily than chlorideA. These results were expected, as the alkyl bromide would be the major product of procedure A as it followed the SN2 mechanism which was based on nucleophile strength and the product from procedure B would be a near-equal mixture as it followed the SN1 reaction mechanismC. The methods used during this experiment allowed for a successful completion and determination of the better nucleophile, but other additions and observations would have been interesting and beneficial as well. A possible examination of the two sample products collected using pH tested values or observation of sample spotted chromatography paper under a …show more content…
UV lamp in comparison of pure alkyl products could possibly show or give an alternative to finding the composition of the two products to identify which was the better nucleophile in each reaction. Also, it would have been informative to possibly find the theoretical yield for each reaction product by using the initial weight of the n-butyl alcohol as well as the t-pentyl alcohol and the solvent-nucelophile mixture to find a percent yield as a comparison to the experimental results that were collected.
Another simple improvement to the experiment could have been the addition of time to procedure A as well as possibly increasing the time heated under reflux. Since the entire procedure B had to be completed before the period of reflux was done, some of the steps and processes involved in procedure B were rushed or not given the adequate time allowed to produce the best sample of product. In general, the laboratory experiment was successful and turned out well to find that the bromide ion was the better nucleophile to both the n-butyl alcohol as well slightly toward the t-pentyl alcohol used in the
experiment.
Reacting 1-butanol produced 2-trans-butene as the major product. 1-butanol produces three different products instead of the predicted one because of carbocation rearrangement. Because of the presence of a strong acid this reaction will undergo E1 Saytzeff, which produces the more substituted
The unknown bacterium that was handed out by the professor labeled “E19” was an irregular and raised shaped bacteria with a smooth texture and it had a white creamy color. The slant growth pattern was filiform and there was a turbid growth in the broth. After all the tests were complete and the results were compared the unknown bacterium was defined as Shigella sonnei. The results that narrowed it down the most were the gram stain, the lactose fermentation test, the citrate utilization test and the indole test. The results for each of the tests performed are listed in Table 1.1 below.
Alcohol, which is the nucleophile, attacks the acid, H2SO4, which is the catalyst, forming oxonium. However, the oxonium leaves due to the positive charge on oxygen, which makes it unstable. A stable secondary carbocation is formed. The electrons from the conjugate base attack the proton, henceforth, forming an alkene. Through this attack, the regeneration of the catalyst is formed with the product, 4-methylcyclohexene, before it oxidizes with KMnO4. In simpler terms, protonation of oxygen and the elimination of H+ with formation of alkene occurs.
The product was recrystallized to purify it and the unknown filtrate and nucleophile was determined by taking the melting points and performing TLC. Nucleophilic substitution reactions have a nucleophile (electron pair donor) and an sp3 electrophile (electron pair acceptor) with an attached leaving group. This experiment was a Williamson ether synthesis usually SN2, with an alkoxide and an alkyl halide. Conditions are favored with a strong nucleophile, good leaving group, and a polar aprotic solvent.
The weight of the final product was 0.979 grams. A nucleophile is an atom or molecule that wants to donate a pair of electrons. An electrophile is an atom or molecule that wants to accept a pair of electrons. In this reaction, the carboxylic acid (m-Toluic acid), is converted into an acyl chlorosulfite intermediate. The chlorosulfite intermediate reacts with a HCL. This yields an acid chloride (m-Toluyl chloride). Then diethylamine reacts with the acid chloride and this yields N,N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide.
The reason why using silver nitrate is discouraged is because silver has a strong attraction to bromine, resulting in a harshly formed complex. According to Le Chatelier’s Principle, this complex shifts the chemical equilibrium due to the formation of a salt precipitate. In order to improve this experiment, a different nucleophile, such as copper sulfate, could have been used in order to prevent the silver and bromine complex from forming. Instead of silver, lead is also a good alternative to act as a catalyst. Another improvement for this experiment, is to leave the solutions in reaction conditions for a longer period of time to form a precipitate. Another procedure that could have been used to improve this experiment is to use a different leaving group, rather than bromine or chlorine. Tosylate is an excellent alternative leaving
The goal of the project was to characterize an "unknown" organic acid in order to make a proper identification of the acid, while learning proper techniques for scientific measurement and analysis of error.
Reflux, which we used in the experiment, involves boiling a solution while condensing the vapor by cooling it and returning the liquid to the reaction flask. The reflux apparatus includes a jacketed condenser with a water in/water our line attached and water flowing through the system. Since this organic reaction occurs for a long time, we use this method so that we can heat a reaction without losing any reagents.
When reacting with different solvents, the relative ratio of β-bromostyrene isomers can give a hint about the mechanisms the reaction underwent. By an atom attaching to either a cis or trans side of a molecule, the production of different isomers occurs. Using stereochemistry, there are clues that can be gathered about the mechanism used. In order for the elimination reaction to occur there are two options, either E2 or E1 pathway. Both of these pathways have characteristics that must be present for the reaction to occur. The E2 reaction need the molecule to have anti-coplanar stereochemistry, while the E1 reaction needs a strong leaving group, which will create a tertiary or secondary carbocation. The E2 reaction also needs a strong base in
"The effects of calcium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, phenol red solution, and distilled water when mixed in different combinations."
Addition reactions are a common chemical transformation of a carbon-carbon double bound. Carbon-carbon double bonds contain one pi bond, which is held together weakly, and one sigma bond. The weak pi bond of the alkene, like 1-hexene, can be broken if a strong base is added. The electrophile, aka the base, attacks the nucleophile of the molecule. A covalent bond forms between the base and the carbon, which is an exothermic and favorable reaction. In this specific experiment, 1-hexene and HBr were added to each other to see if 2-bromohexane would form as product. Markonikov’s rule would be followed, and product 2-bromohexane would be formed, if the solution when silver nitrate was added turned a pale yellow color. The point of this experiment
In the reaction involving both tert-butyl chloride and tert-butyl alcohol there were correctly synthesized. In SN1 as I mention in the introduction, is a weak nucleophile, unimolecular, and polar protic that most like occur in those leaving groups that is tertiary. In SN2, is a strong nucleophile, bimolecular and is polar aprotic and reaction for this leaving group is primary. In the last part of the experiment SN1 and SN2 reactions was analyzed when 18% of solution of sodium iodide and silver nitrate was mixed in the respective test tubes although test 1 form a yellow color; however, the lack of precipitation indicates this wouldn’t be consider a reaction so these data are inconclusive. Test tube 2 contained the synthesized product along with 1 mL of 1% ethanolic silver nitrate, precipitation came rapidly fast, and this came to be the most successful testing. Test tube 3 contained 0.2 mL of 1-chlorobutane and the tert-butyl chloride and had the positive reactions that was aimed for from the introduction were the ones that came out to be the most successful
To begin the experiment, approximately 0.01g of the known solid compound was obtained in a test tube. The relative quantity was then observed and about 1mL of water was added. The test tube was then agitated for approximately twenty seconds and the quantity of solid visible was observed and subsequently contrasted to the original volume. Next, it was determined if any solid appeared to have dissolved in the water. After having determined if the solid dissolved, additional crystals were introduced into the test tube in order to determine if the solid was slightly soluble, soluble or very soluble. If the solid dissolved, the pH of the water was tested using the pH strips and the existent color change or lack there-of was observed. This process
The rate of any reaction is exponentially related to the concentration of reactants. This lab investigated the reaction of potassium iodate and sodium bisulfite. The experiment was done in order to determine the order of the reaction. Ten trials were done in which ten wells were filled with ten drops of sodium bisulfite with a constant concentration while various concentrations of ten drops of potassium iodate were added to each well of sodium bisulfite. The dilutions of potassium iodate were done in ten wells as well. The first well was filled with a maximum of ten drops of potassium iodate and decreased by one drop for each consecutive well until only one drop was in the last well. For the distilled water, the first well which was filled
Medical diagnosis and lab testing can becommercial uses for biochemical testing to diagnose diseases. Animals are also checked for diseases and to make sure they are acceptable for human ingestion.