Assignment 3: Persuasive Paper Part 1

Assignment 3: Persuasive Paper Part 1: A Problem Exist

STRAYER UNIVERSITY

PROFESSOR ROBERT MCKINLEY

ENGLISH 215

AUGUST 5, 2015

Assignment 3: Persuasive Paper Part 1: A Problem Exist

Revising Nutrition Standards in Public Schools Lunch Program

The present and future health and well-being of schoolchildren are profoundly affected by the food served in public school their nutritional intakes should help to maintain healthy body weight and brain functions.

Defensible Thesis

School meals can contribute to beneficial health, dietary patterns and provide a model for healthy meals and opportunities to model

and reinforce healthy eating behaviors. School meals could provide a platform for education in nutrition environmental responsibility.
History:
Nutrition Standards provide the foundation for the National School Lunch Program and the School Breakfast Program, in 1995 the standards and requirements were last set, changes have been made in Dietary Guidelines substantially for nutrient reference values, and the increase of childhood obesity has increased dramatically because of the food served in the national public school program.
The National School Lunch Program serves more than 30 million children per day. Improvements to the National School Lunch program could potential offer great improvement to serve its purpose of safeguard the health and well-being of the Nation’s children.
The school lunch programs can make a great difference because it may provide more than half of a student’s food and nutrient intake on a daily basis. Depending on the household income, a child may receive free program meals at no cost, reduced cost. Therefore, the programs should serve as a safety net for the low-income family with children in need. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) began the National school meal programs, nutritional concerns in the United States centered on nutrient deficiencies and under consumption, and the programs were designed to address those concerns. Even though many of the overt nutritional deficiencies in children’s diets have been eliminated, other nutrition-related concerns have emerged, like childhood obesity.
1. “Good nutrition during childhood and adolescence is essential for growth and development, health and well-being, and the prevention of some chronic diseases. Yet many American children’s diets fall considerably short of recommended dietary standards. Furthermore, poor diet and physical inactivity, resulting in an energy imbalance, are the most important factors contributing to the increase in obesity in childhood. Obesity is the most pressing challenge to nutritional health in this first decade of the 21st century (CDC, 1999). The major nutrition issues among children and adolescents have shifted from nutrient deficiency diseases, common in the first half of the 20th century, to concerns today about overconsumption, poor dietary quality, and food choices. However, food insecurity remains a concern among the poor (Briefel and Johnson, 2004)”

2. For overall health, the dietary practices of children and adolescents are crucial to their health and well-being. Unfortunately, children’s diets tend lacking in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and calcium-rich foods and too high in sodium, saturated fat, and added sugar.

School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study-II (SNDA-II) (Fox et al., 2001) reports that intake of total fat among school-age children makes up approximately 33–35 percent of caloric intake (upper limit of recommended level), and saturated fat intake is approximately 12 percent of total caloric intake (exceeding recommended levels).

Obesity increases health problems among U.S. school-age children and adults,
the result greater risk that these health problems pose for other serious chronic conditions—including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and elevated cholesterol and blood pressure levels—cannot be overlooked.
Other nutrition and health issues that have an impact on children and adolescents include poor bone health, dental caries, and low iron intake. In addition to these issues of physical health, sociocultural issues are of concern, particularly the social discrimination against obese children and adolescents.

Food choices and eating habits are learned from many sources. However, the school environment plays a significant role in teaching and modeling eating and health behaviors. For many children, foods consumed at school provide a major portion of their daily nutrient intake.

3. The recommended nutrition standards are one of several elements of a school nutrition policy that could significantly improve the nutritional quality of the foods available, promoted, and consumed in schools. To be effective, these standards must be implemented by a wide range of organizations and individuals: they must understand what is expected of them, and will need resources and support. A system is needed to track progress, resolve bottlenecks in implementation, and evaluate both the implementation and documentation and the resulting changes. While proposing a complete implementation and evaluation plan is beyond the
The Nutrition Standards specify that the lunch meal contain one-third of the 1989 RDA for key nutrients and that the breakfast meal contain one-fourth of the 1989 RDA for key nutrients. However, the Nutrition Standards must be quantified in a manner that tailors the amounts for the age-grade groups receiving the school meal—for example, children in a school for grades 7–12, all of whom receive meals from a single cafeteria line. For several nutrients, this quantification Dietary Guidelines for Americans, first issued in 1980 (HHS/USDA, 1980) and revised every 5 years since then, provides the public with authoritative guidelines on diet and health. Moreover, according to law (National Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research Act, P.L. 101445 (October 22, 1990): §301), these guidelines form the basis of federal food, nutrition education, and information programs, including the school meal programs. Currently, the Nutrition Standards for school meals reflect the applicable recommendations of the 1995 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. The recommendations provided in the latest edition of Dietary Guidelines for Americans, issued in 2005 (HHS/USDA, 2005
Food Group Intakes The mean daily food group intakes were compared with MyPyramid recommendations for selected calorie levels. The 24-hour usual nutrient intakes were assessed by using the appropriate Dietary Reference Intakes. Mean food group intakes that are below MyPyramid recommendations do not necessarily indicate inadequate nutrient intake, but they do suggest that improvements to the diet would be consistent with current Dietary Guidelines for Americans and with relevant Dietary Reference Intakes. For all children ages 5–18 years, the mean intakes of total vegetables, fruit, whole grains, total meat and beans, and milk were found to be less than the MyPyramid recommendations. The mean vegetable and whole grain intakes were much less than the recommended amounts for all ages, and the mean fruit intake was 50 percent or less than the recommended amounts for children ages 9–18 years. Children consumed larger than recommended amounts of calories from solid fats and added sugars. Nutrient Intakes The committee used methods recommended by earlier Institute of Medicine reports to (1) estimate the prevalence of inadequacy of usual nutrient intake or, if applicable, the nutrients with mean and median intake below the Adequate Intake (AI) and (2) identify indications of excessive intake and of usual dietary intakes that exceed the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). The nutrients whose intakes were apparently inadequate varied considerably by an age-gender group. Inadequate intakes were the most prevalent among the older children. Among those aged 9 years and older, a high prevalence of inadequate intake was most common for magnesium, vitamin A, phosphorus, zinc, and vitamin C. For adolescent females, the data suggest that the prevalence of inadequate intakes was high for virtually all vitamins and minerals. The prevalence of inadequate intakes may be overestimated for adolescent females, however. In particular, estimated usual nutrient intakes may be substantially lower than actual intakes because studies suggest that underreporting of food intake is common among this group. Because supplement data were unavailable, it generally was not possible to determine whether nutrients were consumed in amounts that were higher than the UL. For all age groups, however, the prevalence was high for intakes of sodium that exceeded the UL and of intakes of saturated fat that exceeded recommendations in Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Zinc intake of more than 25 percent of the children aged 6–8 years exceeded the UL. The mean and median calcium intakes by older children were less than the AI, and the gap was the highest for adolescents (ages 14–18 years), particularly females. The mean and median intakes of potassium and fiber were substantially less than the AIs for all groups of children. This suggests the potential for inadequate intakes of these nutrients. Intakes of saturated fat were a major concern. More than three-quarters of the children in all age-gender groups had usual saturated fat intakes that exceeded the recommendation of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans of less than 10 percent of total energy. Total fat intake was of less concern: more than 60 percent of the children in all age groups had usual fat intakes that were within the acceptable range. Nonetheless, the usual fat intakes by some children were excessive. More than 90 percent of schoolchildren had usual sodium intakes that exceeded the normal range.

Assignment 3: Persuasive Paper Part 1: A Problem Exist

STRAYER UNIVERSITY
PROFESSOR ROBERT MCKINLEY
ENGLISH 215
AUGUST 5, 2015

Assignment 3: Persuasive Paper Part 1: A Problem Exist

Revising Nutrition Standards in Public Schools Lunch Program
The present and future health and well-being of schoolchildren are profoundly affected by the food served in public school their nutritional intakes should help to maintain healthy body weight and brain functions.
Defensible Thesis
School meals can contribute to beneficial health, dietary patterns and provide a model for healthy meals and opportunities to model and reinforce healthy eating behaviors. School meals could provide a platform for education in nutrition environmental responsibility.
History:
Nutrition Standards provide the foundation for the National School Lunch Program and the School Breakfast Program, in 1995 the standards and requirements were last set, changes have been made in Dietary Guidelines substantially for nutrient reference values, and the increase of childhood obesity has increased dramatically because of the food served in the national public school program.
The National School Lunch Program serves more than 30 million children per day. Improvements to the National School Lunch program could potential offer great improvement to serve its purpose of safeguard the health and well-being of the Nation’s children.
The school lunch programs can make a great difference because it may provide more than half of a student’s food and nutrient intake on a daily basis. Depending on the household income, a child may receive free program meals at no cost, reduced cost. Therefore, the programs should serve as a safety net for the low-income family with children in need. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) began the National school meal programs, nutritional concerns in the United States centered on nutrient deficiencies and under consumption, and the programs were designed to address those concerns. Even though many of the overt nutritional deficiencies in children’s diets have been eliminated, other nutrition-related concerns have emerged, like childhood obesity.
1. “Good nutrition during childhood and adolescence is essential for growth and development, health and well-being, and the prevention of some chronic diseases. Yet many American children’s diets fall considerably short of recommended dietary standards. Furthermore, poor diet and physical inactivity, resulting in an energy imbalance, are the most important factors contributing to the increase in obesity in childhood. Obesity is the most pressing challenge to nutritional health in this first decade of the 21st century (CDC, 1999). The major nutrition issues among children and adolescents have shifted from nutrient deficiency diseases, common in the first half of the 20th century, to concerns today about overconsumption, poor dietary quality, and food choices. However, food insecurity remains a concern among the poor (Briefel and Johnson, 2004)”

2.

For overall health, the dietary practices of children and adolescents are crucial to their health and well-being. Unfortunately, children’s diets tend lacking in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and calcium-rich foods and too high in sodium, saturated fat, and added sugar.

School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study-II (SNDA-II) (Fox et al., 2001) reports that intake of total fat among school-age children makes up approximately 33–35 percent of caloric intake (upper limit of recommended level), and saturated fat intake is approximately 12 percent of total caloric intake (exceeding recommended levels).

Obesity increases health problems among U.S. school-age children and adults,

the result greater risk that these health problems pose for other serious chronic conditions—including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and elevated cholesterol and blood pressure levels—cannot be overlooked.

Other nutrition and health issues that have an impact on children and adolescents include poor bone health, dental caries, and low iron intake. In addition to these issues of physical health, sociocultural issues are of concern, particularly the social discrimination against obese children and

adolescents.

Food choices and eating habits are learned from many sources. However, the school environment plays a significant role in teaching and modeling eating and health behaviors. For many children, foods consumed at school provide a major portion of their daily nutrient intake.

3. The recommended nutrition standards are one of several elements of a school nutrition policy that could significantly improve the nutritional quality of the foods available, promoted, and consumed in schools. To be effective, these standards must be implemented by a wide range of organizations and individuals: they must understand what is expected of them, and will need resources and support. A system is needed to track progress, resolve bottlenecks in implementation, and evaluate both the implementation and documentation and the resulting changes. While proposing a complete implementation and evaluation plan is beyond the
The Nutrition Standards specify that the lunch meal contain one-third of the 1989 RDA for key nutrients and that the breakfast meal contain one-fourth of the 1989 RDA for key nutrients. However, the Nutrition Standards must be quantified in a manner that tailors the amounts for the age-grade groups receiving the school meal—for example, children in a school for grades 7–12, all of whom receive meals from a single cafeteria line. For several nutrients, this quantification Dietary Guidelines for Americans, first issued in 1980 (HHS/USDA, 1980) and revised every 5 years since then, provides the public with authoritative guidelines on diet and health. Moreover, according to law (National Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research Act, P.L. 101445 (October 22, 1990): §301), these guidelines form the basis of federal food, nutrition education, and information programs, including the school meal programs. Currently, the Nutrition Standards for school meals reflect the applicable recommendations of the 1995 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. The recommendations provided in the latest edition of Dietary Guidelines for Americans, issued in 2005 (HHS/USDA, 2005
Food Group Intakes The mean daily food group intakes were compared with MyPyramid recommendations for selected calorie levels. The 24-hour usual nutrient intakes were assessed by using the appropriate Dietary Reference Intakes. Mean food group intakes that are below MyPyramid recommendations do not necessarily indicate inadequate nutrient intake, but they do suggest that improvements to the diet would be consistent with current Dietary Guidelines for Americans and with relevant Dietary Reference Intakes. For all children ages 5–18 years, the mean intakes of total vegetables, fruit, whole grains, total meat and beans, and milk were found to be less than the MyPyramid recommendations. The mean vegetable and whole grain intakes were much less than the recommended amounts for all ages, and the mean fruit intake was 50 percent or less than the recommended amounts for children ages 9–18 years. Children consumed larger than recommended amounts of calories from solid fats and added sugars. Nutrient Intakes The committee used methods recommended by earlier Institute of Medicine reports to (1) estimate the prevalence of inadequacy of usual nutrient intake or, if applicable, the nutrients with mean and median intake below the Adequate Intake (AI) and (2) identify indications of excessive intake and of usual dietary intakes that exceed the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). The nutrients whose intakes were apparently inadequate varied considerably by an age-gender group. Inadequate intakes were the most prevalent among the older children. Among those aged 9 years and older, a high prevalence of inadequate intake was most common for magnesium, vitamin A, phosphorus, zinc, and vitamin C. For adolescent females, the data suggest that the prevalence of inadequate intakes was high for virtually all vitamins and minerals. The prevalence of inadequate intakes may be overestimated for adolescent females, however. In particular, estimated usual nutrient intakes may be substantially lower than actual intakes because studies suggest that underreporting of food intake is common among this group. Because supplement data were unavailable, it generally was not possible to determine whether nutrients were consumed in amounts that were higher than the UL. For all age groups, however, the prevalence was high for intakes of sodium that exceeded the UL and of intakes of saturated fat that exceeded recommendations in Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Zinc intake of more than 25 percent of the children aged 6–8 years exceeded the UL. The mean and median calcium intakes by older children were less than the AI, and the gap was the highest for adolescents (ages 14–18 years), particularly females. The mean and median intakes of potassium and fiber were substantially less than the AIs for all groups of children. This suggests the potential for inadequate intakes of these nutrients. Intakes of saturated fat were a major concern. More than three-quarters of the children in all age-gender groups had usual saturated fat intakes that exceeded the recommendation of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans of less than 10 percent of total energy. Total fat intake was of less concern: more than 60 percent of the children in all age groups had usual fat intakes that were within the acceptable range. Nonetheless, the usual fat intakes by some children were excessive. More than 90 percent of schoolchildren had usual sodium intakes that exceeded the normal range.

Assignment 3: Persuasive Paper Part 1: A Problem Exist

STRAYER UNIVERSITY
PROFESSOR ROBERT MCKINLEY
ENGLISH 215
AUGUST 5, 2015

Assignment 3: Persuasive Paper Part 1: A Problem Exist

Revising Nutrition Standards in Public Schools Lunch Program
The present and future health and well-being of schoolchildren are profoundly affected by the food served in public school their nutritional intakes should help to maintain healthy body weight and brain functions.
Defensible Thesis
School meals can contribute to beneficial health, dietary patterns and provide a model for healthy meals and opportunities to model and reinforce healthy eating behaviors. School meals could provide a platform for education in nutrition environmental responsibility.
History:
Nutrition Standards provide the foundation for the National School Lunch Program and the School Breakfast Program, in 1995 the standards and requirements were last set, changes have been made in Dietary Guidelines substantially for nutrient reference values, and the increase of childhood obesity has increased dramatically because of the food served in the national public school program.
The National School Lunch Program serves more than 30 million children per day. Improvements to the National School Lunch program could potential offer great improvement to serve its purpose of safeguard the health and well-being of the Nation’s children.
The school lunch programs can make a great difference because it may provide more than half of a student’s food and nutrient intake on a daily basis. Depending on the household income, a child may receive free program meals at no cost, reduced cost. Therefore, the programs should serve as a safety net for the low-income family with children in need. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) began the National school meal programs, nutritional concerns in the United States centered on nutrient deficiencies and under consumption, and the programs were designed to address those concerns. Even though many of the overt nutritional deficiencies in children’s diets have been eliminated, other nutrition-related concerns have emerged, like childhood obesity.
1. “Good nutrition during childhood and adolescence is essential for growth and development, health and well-being, and the prevention of some chronic diseases. Yet many American children’s diets fall considerably short of recommended dietary standards. Furthermore, poor diet and physical inactivity, resulting in an energy imbalance, are the most important factors contributing to the increase in obesity in childhood. Obesity is the most pressing challenge to nutritional health in this first decade of the 21st century (CDC, 1999). The major nutrition issues among children and adolescents have shifted from nutrient deficiency diseases, common in the first half of the 20th century, to concerns today about overconsumption, poor dietary quality, and food choices. However, food insecurity remains a concern among the poor (Briefel and Johnson, 2004)”

2. For overall health, the dietary practices of children and adolescents are crucial to their health and well-being. Unfortunately, children’s diets tend lacking in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and calcium-rich foods and too high in sodium, saturated fat, and added sugar.

School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study-II (SNDA-II) (Fox et al., 2001) reports that intake of total fat among school-age children makes up approximately 33–35 percent of caloric intake (upper limit of recommended level), and saturated fat intake is approximately 12 percent of total caloric intake (exceeding recommended levels).

Obesity increases health problems among U.S. school-age children and adults,
the result greater risk that these health problems pose for other serious chronic conditions—including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and elevated cholesterol and blood pressure levels—cannot be overlooked.
Other nutrition and health issues that have an impact on children and adolescents include poor bone health, dental caries, and low iron intake. In addition to these issues of physical health, sociocultural issues are of concern, particularly the social discrimination against obese children and adolescents.

Food choices and eating habits are learned from many sources. However, the school environment plays a significant role in teaching and modeling eating and health behaviors. For many children, foods consumed at school provide a major portion of their daily nutrient intake.

3. The recommended nutrition standards are one of several elements of a school nutrition policy that could significantly improve the nutritional quality of the foods available, promoted, and consumed in schools. To be effective, these standards must be implemented by a wide range of organizations and individuals: they must understand what is expected of them, and will need resources and support. A system is needed to track progress, resolve bottlenecks in implementation, and evaluate both the implementation and documentation and the resulting changes. While proposing a complete implementation and evaluation plan is beyond the
The Nutrition Standards specify that the lunch meal contain one-third of the 1989 RDA for key nutrients and that the breakfast meal contain one-fourth of the 1989 RDA for key nutrients. However, the Nutrition Standards must be quantified in a manner that tailors the amounts for the age-grade groups receiving the school meal—for example, children in a school for grades 7–12, all of whom receive meals from a single cafeteria line. For several nutrients, this quantification Dietary Guidelines for Americans, first issued in 1980 (HHS/USDA, 1980) and revised every 5 years since then, provides the public with authoritative guidelines on diet and health. Moreover, according to law (National Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research Act, P.L. 101445 (October 22, 1990): §301), these guidelines form the basis of federal food, nutrition education, and information programs, including the school meal programs. Currently, the Nutrition Standards for school meals reflect the applicable recommendations of the 1995 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. The recommendations provided in the latest edition of Dietary Guidelines for Americans, issued in 2005 (HHS/USDA, 2005
Food Group Intakes The mean daily food group intakes were compared with MyPyramid recommendations for selected calorie levels. The 24-hour usual nutrient intakes were assessed by using the appropriate Dietary Reference Intakes. Mean food group intakes that are below MyPyramid recommendations do not necessarily indicate inadequate nutrient intake, but they do suggest that improvements to the diet would be consistent with current Dietary Guidelines for Americans and with relevant Dietary Reference Intakes. For all children ages 5–18 years, the mean intakes of total vegetables, fruit, whole grains, total meat and beans, and milk were found to be less than the MyPyramid recommendations. The mean vegetable and whole grain intakes were much less than the recommended amounts for all ages, and the mean fruit intake was 50 percent or less than the recommended amounts for children ages 9–18 years. Children consumed larger than recommended amounts of calories from solid fats and added sugars. Nutrient Intakes The committee used methods recommended by earlier Institute of Medicine reports to (1) estimate the prevalence of inadequacy of usual nutrient intake or, if applicable, the nutrients with mean and median intake below the Adequate Intake (AI) and (2) identify indications of excessive intake and of usual dietary intakes that exceed the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). The nutrients whose intakes were apparently inadequate varied considerably by an age-gender group. Inadequate intakes were the most prevalent among the older children. Among those aged 9 years and older, a high prevalence of inadequate intake was most common for magnesium, vitamin A, phosphorus, zinc, and vitamin C. For adolescent females, the data suggest that the prevalence of inadequate intakes was high for virtually all vitamins and minerals. The prevalence of inadequate intakes may be overestimated for adolescent females, however. In particular, estimated usual nutrient intakes may be substantially lower than actual intakes because studies suggest that underreporting of food intake is common among this group. Because supplement data were unavailable, it generally was not possible to determine whether nutrients were consumed in amounts that were higher than the UL. For all age groups, however, the prevalence was high for intakes of sodium that exceeded the UL and of intakes of saturated fat that exceeded recommendations in Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Zinc intake of more than 25 percent of the children aged 6–8 years exceeded the UL. The mean and median calcium intakes by older children were less than the AI, and the gap was the highest for adolescents (ages 14–18 years), particularly females. The mean and median intakes of potassium and fiber were substantially less than the AIs for all groups of children. This suggests the potential for inadequate intakes of these nutrients. Intakes of saturated fat were a major concern. More than three-quarters of the children in all age-gender groups had usual saturated fat intakes that exceeded the recommendation of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans of less than 10 percent of total energy. Total fat intake was of less concern: more than 60 percent of the children in all age groups had usual fat intakes that were within the acceptable range. Nonetheless, the usual fat intakes by some children were excessive. More than 90 percent of schoolchildren had usual sodium intakes that exceeded the normal range.

Assignment 3: Persuasive Paper Part 1: A Problem Exist

STRAYER UNIVERSITY
PROFESSOR ROBERT MCKINLEY
ENGLISH 215
AUGUST 5, 2015

Assignment 3: Persuasive Paper Part 1: A Problem Exist

Revising Nutrition Standards in Public Schools Lunch Program
The present and future health and well-being of schoolchildren are profoundly affected by the food served in public school their nutritional intakes should help to maintain healthy body weight and brain functions.
Defensible Thesis
School meals can contribute to beneficial health, dietary patterns and provide a model for healthy meals and opportunities to model and reinforce healthy eating behaviors. School meals could provide a platform for education in nutrition environmental responsibility.
History:
Nutrition Standards provide the foundation for the National School Lunch Program and the School Breakfast Program, in 1995 the standards and requirements were last set, changes have been made in Dietary Guidelines substantially for nutrient reference values, and the increase of childhood obesity has increased dramatically because of the food served in the national public school program.
The National School Lunch Program serves more than 30 million children per day. Improvements to the National School Lunch program could potential offer great improvement to serve its purpose of safeguard the health and well-being of the Nation’s children.
The school lunch programs can make a great difference because it may provide more than half of a student’s food and nutrient intake on a daily basis. Depending on the household income, a child may receive free program meals at no cost, reduced cost. Therefore, the programs should serve as a safety net for the low-income family with children in need. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) began the National school meal programs, nutritional concerns in the United States centered on nutrient deficiencies and under consumption, and the programs were designed to address those concerns. Even though many of the overt nutritional deficiencies in children’s diets have been eliminated, other nutrition-related concerns have emerged, like childhood obesity.
1. “Good nutrition during childhood and adolescence is essential for growth and development, health and well-being, and the prevention of some chronic diseases. Yet many American children’s diets fall considerably short of recommended dietary standards. Furthermore, poor diet and physical inactivity, resulting in an energy imbalance, are the most important factors contributing to the increase in obesity in childhood. Obesity is the most pressing challenge to nutritional health in this first decade of the 21st century (CDC, 1999). The major nutrition issues among children and adolescents have shifted from nutrient deficiency diseases, common in the first half of the 20th century, to concerns today about overconsumption, poor dietary quality, and food choices. However, food insecurity remains a concern among the poor (Briefel and Johnson, 2004)”

2. For overall health, the dietary practices of children and adolescents are crucial to their health and well-being. Unfortunately, children’s diets tend lacking in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and calcium-rich foods and too high in sodium, saturated fat, and added sugar.

School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study-II (SNDA-II) (Fox et al., 2001) reports that intake of total fat among school-age children makes up approximately 33–35 percent of caloric intake (upper limit of recommended level), and saturated fat intake is approximately 12 percent of total caloric intake (exceeding recommended levels).

Obesity increases health problems among U.S. school-age children and adults,
the result greater risk that these health problems pose for other serious chronic conditions—including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and elevated cholesterol and blood pressure levels—cannot be overlooked.
Other nutrition and health issues that have an impact on children and adolescents include poor bone health, dental caries, and low iron intake. In addition to these issues of physical health, sociocultural issues are of concern, particularly the social discrimination against obese children and adolescents.

Food choices and eating habits are learned from many sources. However, the school environment plays a significant role in teaching and modeling eating and health behaviors. For many children, foods consumed at school provide a major portion of their daily nutrient intake.

3. The recommended nutrition standards are one of several elements of a school nutrition policy that could significantly improve the nutritional quality of the foods available, promoted, and consumed in schools. To be effective, these standards must be implemented by a wide range of organizations and individuals: they must understand what is expected of them, and will need resources and support. A system is needed to track progress, resolve bottlenecks in implementation, and evaluate both the implementation and documentation and the resulting changes. While proposing a complete implementation and evaluation plan is beyond the
The Nutrition Standards specify that the lunch meal contain one-third of the 1989 RDA for key nutrients and that the breakfast meal contain one-fourth of the 1989 RDA for key nutrients. However, the Nutrition Standards must be quantified in a manner that tailors the amounts for the age-grade groups receiving the school meal—for example, children in a school for grades 7–12, all of whom receive meals from a single cafeteria line. For several nutrients, this quantification Dietary Guidelines for Americans, first issued in 1980 (HHS/USDA, 1980) and revised every 5 years since then, provides the public with authoritative guidelines on diet and health. Moreover, according to law (National Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research Act, P.L. 101445 (October 22, 1990): §301), these guidelines form the basis of federal food, nutrition education, and information programs, including the school meal programs. Currently, the Nutrition Standards for school meals reflect the applicable recommendations of the 1995 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. The recommendations provided in the latest edition of Dietary Guidelines for Americans, issued in 2005 (HHS/USDA, 2005
Food Group Intakes The mean daily food group intakes were compared with MyPyramid recommendations for selected calorie levels. The 24-hour usual nutrient intakes were assessed by using the appropriate Dietary Reference Intakes. Mean food group intakes that are below MyPyramid recommendations do not necessarily indicate inadequate nutrient intake, but they do suggest that improvements to the diet would be consistent with current Dietary Guidelines for Americans and with relevant Dietary Reference Intakes. For all children ages 5–18 years, the mean intakes of total vegetables, fruit, whole grains, total meat and beans, and milk were found to be less than the MyPyramid recommendations. The mean vegetable and whole grain intakes were much less than the recommended amounts for all ages, and the mean fruit intake was 50 percent or less than the recommended amounts for children ages 9–18 years. Children consumed larger than recommended amounts of calories from solid fats and added sugars. Nutrient Intakes The committee used methods recommended by earlier Institute of Medicine reports to (1) estimate the prevalence of inadequacy of usual nutrient intake or, if applicable, the nutrients with mean and median intake below the Adequate Intake (AI) and (2) identify indications of excessive intake and of usual dietary intakes that exceed the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). The nutrients whose intakes were apparently inadequate varied considerably by an age-gender group. Inadequate intakes were the most prevalent among the older children. Among those aged 9 years and older, a high prevalence of inadequate intake was most common for magnesium, vitamin A, phosphorus, zinc, and vitamin C. For adolescent females, the data suggest that the prevalence of inadequate intakes was high for virtually all vitamins and minerals. The prevalence of inadequate intakes may be overestimated for adolescent females, however. In particular, estimated usual nutrient intakes may be substantially lower than actual intakes because studies suggest that underreporting of food intake is common among this group. Because supplement data were unavailable, it generally was not possible to determine whether nutrients were consumed in amounts that were higher than the UL. For all age groups, however, the prevalence was high for intakes of sodium that exceeded the UL and of intakes of saturated fat that exceeded recommendations in Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Zinc intake of more than 25 percent of the children aged 6–8 years exceeded the UL. The mean and median calcium intakes by older children were less than the AI, and the gap was the highest for adolescents (ages 14–18 years), particularly females. The mean and median intakes of potassium and fiber were substantially less than the AIs for all groups of children. This suggests the potential for inadequate intakes of these nutrients. Intakes of saturated fat were a major concern. More than three-quarters of the children in all age-gender groups had usual saturated fat intakes that exceeded the recommendation of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans of less than 10 percent of total energy. Total fat intake was of less concern: more than 60 percent of the children in all age groups had usual fat intakes that were within the acceptable range. Nonetheless, the usual fat intakes by some children were excessive. More than 90 percent of schoolchildren had usual sodium intakes that exceeded the normal range.

Assignment 3: Persuasive Paper Part 1: A Problem Exist

STRAYER UNIVERSITY
PROFESSOR ROBERT MCKINLEY
ENGLISH 215
AUGUST 5, 2015

Assignment 3: Persuasive Paper Part 1: A Problem Exist

Revising Nutrition Standards in Public Schools Lunch Program
The present and future health and well-being of schoolchildren are profoundly affected by food served in public school their nutritional intakes should help to maintain healthy body weight and brain functions.
Defensible Thesis
School meals can contribute to beneficial health, dietary patterns and provide a model for healthy meals and opportunities to model and reinforce healthy eating behaviors. School meals could provide a platform for education in nutrition environmental responsibility.
History:
Nutrition Standards provide the foundation for the National School Lunch Program and the School Breakfast Program, in 1995 the standards and requirements were last set, changes have been made in Dietary Guidelines substantially for nutrient reference values, and the increase of childhood obesity has increased dramatically because of the food served in the national public school program.
The National School Lunch Program serves more than 30 million children per day. Improvements to the National School Lunch program could potential offer great improvement to serve its purpose of safeguard the health and well-being of the Nation’s children.
The school lunch programs can make a great difference because it may provide more than half of a student’s food and nutrient intake on a daily basis. Depending on the household income, a child may receive free program meals at no cost, reduced cost. Therefore, the programs should serve as a safety net for low income family with children in need. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) began the National school meal programs, nutritional concerns in the United States centered on nutrient deficiencies and under consumption, and the programs were designed to address those concerns. Even though many of the overt nutritional deficiencies in children’s diets have been eliminated, other nutrition-related concerns have emerged, like childhood obesity.
1. “Good nutrition during childhood and adolescence is essential for growth and development, health and well-being, and the prevention of some chronic diseases. Yet many American children’s diets fall considerably short of recommended dietary standards. Furthermore, poor diet and physical inactivity, resulting in an energy imbalance, are the most important factors contributing to the increase in obesity in childhood. Obesity is the most pressing challenge to nutritional health in this first decade of the 21st century (CDC, 1999). The major nutrition issues among children and adolescents have shifted from nutrient deficiency diseases, common in the first half of the 20th century, to concerns today about overconsumption, poor dietary quality, and food choices. However, food insecurity remains a concern among the poor (Briefel and Johnson, 2004)”

2. For overall health the dietary practices of children and adolescents are crucial to their health and well-being. Unfortunately, children’s diets tend lacking in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and calcium-rich foods and too high in sodium, saturated fat, and added sugar.

School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study II (SNDA-II) (Fox et al., 2001) reports that intake of total fat among school-age children makes up approximately 33–35 percent of caloric intake (upper limit of recommended level), and saturated fat intake is approximately 12 percent of total caloric intake (exceeding recommended levels).

Obesity increases health problems among U.S. school-age children and adults,
the result greater risk that these health problems pose for other serious chronic conditions—including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and elevated cholesterol and blood pressure levels—cannot be overlooked.
Other nutrition and health issues that have an impact on children and adolescents include poor bone health, dental caries, and low iron intake. In addition to these issues of physical health, sociocultural issues are of concern, particularly the social discrimination against obese children and adolescents.

Food choices and eating habits are learned from many sources. However, the school environment plays a significant role in teaching and modeling eating and health behaviors. For many children, foods consumed at school provide a major portion of their daily nutrient intake.

3. The recommended nutrition standards are one of several elements of a school nutrition policy that could significantly improve the nutritional quality of the foods available, promoted, and consumed in schools. To be effective, these standards must be implemented by a wide range of organizations and individuals: they must understand what is expected of them, and will need resources and support. A system is needed to track progress, resolve bottlenecks in implementation, and evaluate both the implementation and documentation and the resulting changes. While proposing a complete implementation and evaluation plan is beyond the
The Nutrition Standards specify that the lunch meal contain one-third of the 1989 RDA for key nutrients and that the breakfast meal contain one-fourth of the 1989 RDA for key nutrients. However, the Nutrition Standards must be quantified in a manner that tailors the amounts for the age-grade groups receiving the school meal—for example, children in a school for grades 7–12, all of whom receive meals from a single cafeteria line. For several nutrients, this quantification Dietary Guidelines for Americans, first issued in 1980 (HHS/USDA, 1980) and revised every 5 years since then, provides the public with authoritative guidelines on diet and health. Moreover, according to law (National Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research Act, P.L. 101445 (October 22, 1990): §301), these guidelines form the basis of federal food, nutrition education, and information programs, including the school meal programs. Currently, the Nutrition Standards for school meals reflect the applicable recommendations of the 1995 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. The recommendations provided in the latest edition of Dietary Guidelines for Americans, issued in 2005 (HHS/USDA, 2005
Food Group Intakes The mean daily food group intakes were compared with MyPyramid recommendations for selected calorie levels. The 24-hour usual nutrient intakes were assessed by using the appropriate Dietary Reference Intakes. Mean food group intakes that are below MyPyramid recommendations do not necessarily indicate inadequate nutrient intake, but they do suggest that improvements to the diet would be consistent with current Dietary Guidelines for Americans and with relevant Dietary Reference Intakes. For all children ages 5–18 years, the mean intakes of total vegetables, fruit, whole grains, total meat and beans, and milk were found to be less than the MyPyramid recommendations. The mean vegetable and whole grain intakes were much less than the recommended amounts for all ages, and the mean fruit intake was 50 percent or less than the recommended amounts for children ages 9–18 years. Children consumed larger than recommended amounts of calories from solid fats and added sugars. Nutrient Intakes The committee used methods recommended by earlier Institute of Medicine reports to (1) estimate the prevalence of inadequacy of usual nutrient intake or, if applicable, the nutrients with mean and median intake below the Adequate Intake (AI) and (2) identify indications of excessive intake and of usual dietary intakes that exceed the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). The nutrients whose intakes were apparently inadequate varied considerably by age-gender group. Inadequate intakes were the most prevalent among the older children. Among those aged 9 years and older, a high prevalence of inadequate intake was most common for magnesium, vitamin A, phosphorus, zinc, and vitamin C. For adolescent females, the data suggest that the prevalence of inadequate intakes was high for virtually all vitamins and minerals. The prevalence of inadequate intakes may be overestimated for adolescent females, however. In particular, estimated usual nutrient intakes may be substantially lower than actual intakes because studies suggest that underreporting of food intake is common among this group. Because supplement data were unavailable, it generally was not possible to determine whether nutrients were consumed in amounts that were higher than the UL. For all age groups, however, the prevalence was high for intakes of sodium that exceeded the UL and of intakes of saturated fat that exceeded recommendations in Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Zinc intake of more than 25 percent of the children aged 6–8 years exceeded the UL. The mean and median calcium intakes by older children were less than the AI, and the gap was the highest for adolescents (ages 14–18 years), particularly females. The mean and median intakes of potassium and fiber were substantially less than the AIs for all groups of children. This suggests the potential for inadequate intakes of these nutrients. Intakes of saturated fat were a major concern. More than three-quarters of the children in all age-gender groups had usual saturated fat intakes that exceeded the recommendation of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans of less than 10 percent of total energy. Total fat intake was of less concern: more than 60 percent of the children in all age groups had usual fat intakes that were within the acceptable range. Nonetheless, the usual fat intakes by some children were excessive. More than 90 percent of schoolchildren had usual sodium intakes that exceeded the normal rnge.

References
Archives of Disease in Childhood, Arch Dis Child (2007)
Bartfeld, Judith S. and Hong-Min Ahn (2011). “The School Breakfast Program Strengthens
Centers for Disease and Control. (2007)
Finkelstein, Hill and Whitaker. (2008); Gordon and Fox 2007
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Household Food Security among Low-Income Households with Elementary School Children.” Journal of Nutrition 141(3):470-475
Shapek, Dr. Raymond, (July 1995), Proposal Writing: Stages and Strategies with Examples. in Georgia Perimeter College fromhttp://facstaff.gpc.edu/~ebrown/infobr3.htm#shapek, retrieved January 31, 2011
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