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Chapter 22 musculoskeletal system
Chapter 22 musculoskeletal system
Chapter 22 musculoskeletal system
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The locations of electrode placement on the biceps brachii (upper arm) and pronator teres (forearm) were determined. The muscles were located by activating muscles of the hand through flexion and extension and noting the areas where the muscles develop tension in these positions. The first pair of electrodes were placed over the Pronator teres muscle on the anterior surface of the forearm. They were placed side by side, with 2-4 cm between them on the length of the muscle as it crosses the anterior forearm. The second pair of electrodes were placed over the Biceps brachii on the proximal left arm. One of the electrodes was placed approximately 4 cm above the elbow. Finally the second electrode was placed 2-4 cm above the first, proximal to the shoulder. An additional electrode was used as the ground. It was placed on the left lower abdomen above the waist. The recording lead wires were snapped to the appropriate positions.
The subject was instructed to get into the correct arm wrestling position, the neutral position, with an opponent before starting the recording. Their arms were placed perpendicular to the tabletop. The participant was instructed to slowly move their arm from the neutral
The participant and opponent were instructed to rest their forearms on the tabletop and clasp their hands in arm wrestling starting position. The recording was started and the subjects were instructed to begin arm wrestling after starting the recording. The EMG activities from the muscles of the arm were recorded while the subject is winning or losing during the arm wrestling match. The recording was marked appropriately when the subject’s arm changes from a winning or losing position. The match was halted when the subject and/or the opponent pinned the other’s hand to the table, thus winning the arm wrestling match. The recording was halted at this
The shoulders should be fully depressed like the professional dancer but the ammeter dancer does not have their shoulders fully depressed. Having the shoulders back and depressed keeps the spinal cord in a neutral position (Rina, 2015). The ammeter does not have a neutral spine cord because they do not have their shoulders back and depressed. The professional dancer does because their shoulders fully depressed and
One of the most important muscles in both a mink and a human are those of the arms and shoulders because of their involvement with movement. One of the primal movers of arm abduction along the frontal plane is the deltoid muscle found in both minks and humans. In both species, deltoid muscles allow for the abduction of the humerus. The next two muscles are the biceps brachii and its opposing muscle the triceps brachii. The biceps brachii consists of two heads, which arise from the scapula and join to form a single muscle that ends upon the upper forearm. The most important functions of the biceps brachii are the supination of the forearm and the flexing of the elbow. The triceps brachii on the other hand extends the forearm in both minks and humans and has three heads as opposed to two in its antagonist biceps brachii (Scott). The origin of the triceps brachii is also from the scapula like the biceps brachii. In a mink, the extensor digitorium originates on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus yet in humans it is present in the posterior forearm and is responsible for extending the phalanges, wrist, and elbow in both species. Anothier muscle with similar functions to the extensor digitorium is the flexor carpi ulnaris but instead it is soley responsible for flexin...
When performing manual muscle testing for shoulder flexion and abduction, PTA’s typically place their hand at the wrist verses the mid-extremity because placing their hands at the wrist increases the length of the lever thus testing the muscles ability to resist externally applied force overtime and across the bone-joint lever arm system. Shorter lever arms will provide higher testing scores when compared to using longer lever arms, thus changing the point of force application affects the length of the lever arm and therefore the muscle torque.
It’s fair to say that a good baseball game can lie in the hands of the pitcher. According to an article by the American Journal of Sports Medicine, 50 percent of professional baseball pitchers experience elbow or shoulder pain due to the way they throw the ball. Because not much research has been done on professional baseball athletes, the purpose of this publication was to find at what point in the pitcher’s technique does most of the damage occur. The study began by taking 40 pro-baseball pitchers, all ranging from the age of 23-33 years old with relatively the same height and weight. Also, thirty-two of the 40 selected are right-hand dominant. Then they placed 3 cameras in different parts of the field. These cameras would take still frames of the pitchers and their technique when throwing the ball. They found that at the point where there is maximum rotation (aka the cocking phase) the distraction force was low.
This report will explore the structure and function of skeletal muscle within the human body. There are three muscle classifications: smooth (looks smooth), cardiac (looks striated) and skeletal (looks striated). Smooth muscle is found within blood vessels, the gut and the intestines; it assists the movement of substances by contracting and relaxing, this is an involuntary effort. The heart is composed of cardiac muscle, which contracts rhythmically nonstop for the entire duration of a person’s life and again is an involuntary movement of the body. The main focus of this report is on skeletal muscle and the movement produced which is inflicted by conscious thought unless there is a potentially harmful stimulus and then reaction is due to reflex, as the body naturally wants to protect itself. Skeletal muscle is found attached to bones and when they contract and relax they produce movement, there is a specific process that the muscle fibers go through to allow this to occur.
... are sent through the electrodes to measure how well the nerves can send a signal to the muscle and to determine whether signals get worse when the muscle is tired.
Controlled increases in physical stress through progressive resistive exercise cause muscle fibers to hypertrophy and become capable of generating greater force.3 Early emphasis is on restoring joint range of motion and muscle flexibility, however, resistive exercises are not delayed. The initial emphasis of muscle loading should be on endurance, accomplished with lower loads and higher repetitions. Progressive resistive exercises are initiated at the available range and progressed to new positions as wrist range of motion returns in all planes. Both the overload principle and the SAID Principle (Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demands) are important considerations in therapeutic exercise dosing.1,3,11 Within pain tolerance, dosing progressive resistive exercises that maintain a therapeutic stress level will encourage muscle tissue hypertrophy. Finding activities that produce the correct force and repetition, without injury, is the goal of the remobilization period. Starting with low force, moderate to high repetitions, and encouraging therapeutic rest following induced stress is important to both the overload principle and the SAID Principle. Additionally, it is important to prevent dosing resistive exercises that exceed optimal stress, which may result in injury. The patient’s response to therapeutic exercise should be assessed during, immediately following,
Kinesiology is a complimentary therapy used to identify and correct internal issues to relieve stress, allergies, and pain. Being described as a complimentary therapy, kinesiology is not meant to be a cure-all for the patient, but a secondary method of increasing positive results of the original therapy; this method however can be used as a primary or secondary form of therapy depending on the results for the patient and satisfaction with said results. During treatment the doctor tests 14 different areas of muscles balance, these major muscles and how they react are believed to uncover problems that need correction which cannot be found with any other testing (Rude Health).
"Understanding the Mechanics of Throwing a Baseball May Help Protect the Shoulder and Elbow ." Baseball Pitching. Web. 30 Apr. 2014. .
To achieve a degree in Athletic Training, there are many tasks and skills to be learned. The Education Council under the National Athletic Training Association put together an education program filled with a set of guidelines of what has to be taught to graduate with a degree in Athletic Training. Before you can learn and understand Athletic Training, you must know the Anatomy and Physiology of the human body. This includes bones, muscles, levels of organization, tissue levels, systems of the body, skeletal structure, articulations, integrative functions, sensory function, blood, and embryology (Martini, 2001). Besides Anatomy and Physiology, the methods of taping is also extremely critical to this career. Before you can understand what each taping techniques are used for, you must also know about sports injuries. Athletic Training is all about the prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and evaluation of athletic injuries. Another skill that must be learned in the Athletic Training Education Program is how to provide immediate emergency care. That includes everything from background information to actually being able to save an athlete’s or any one else’s life. You must be aware of legal considerations, how and when to approach a victim, the human body systems, examining the victim, basic life support, bleeding and shock, identifying wounds, sudden illnesses, injuries, and how to care for them; also you must be aware of cold and heat related injuries, and how to rescue and move victims (Thygerson, 2001). Other information to be learned includes nutrition, health, and professional development. There are several other topics of Athletic Training; however, there are just to many to s...
Dunn, George et al. National Strength and Conditioning Association. National Strength and Conditioning Association Journal. 7. 27-29. 1985.
Gabboth, Tim. "Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins). Feb2012, Vol. 26 Issue 2, P487-491. 5p." N.p., n.d. Web.
The muscular system is a very important part of the human body. It has many components and functions, and is the source of the body’s movement. There are roughly 650 muscles in the human body and are different types of muscles. Muscles can either be voluntary or involuntary which means controlled or uncontrolled movement. Muscles have many reasons and in this paper you will widen your knowledge of muscles and their functions as well their diseases and how they help maintain the body.
The field that I choose is relevant to my educational background, my working experience, and the needs of the university where I am currently working. Firstly, I chose ergonomics as my thesis topic on both of my undergraduate and master studies. For my undergraduate thesis, I developed a software for analyzing the biomechanical properties of human body during lifting and lowering tasks purposed for minimizing the musculoskeletal risks as the consequences of these activities. Then, on my master thesis, due to the great number of musculoskeletal disorders in human wrist, I investigated the effect of non-neutral postures on the wrist muscle activities. Moreover, I had the experience in working as an occupational health and safety (OHS) in a car manufacturer in Indonesia. During this period, I found that better understanding in employee OHS will create a reduction in the number of occupational accidents, i...