APPLICATIONS OF IR SPECTROSCOPY
Introduction:
IR spectroscopy firstly used in 1950 by the scientist Wilbur Kaye. As IR spectroscopy is mostly used for the analysis of molecule that can easily interact with the IR radiation. As the given molecule analysis can be interpreted by:
Absorption.
Emission.
Reflection.
Mainly IR spectroscopy has many of importance in the field of organic and inorganic chemistry. The functional group can therefore readily identified by their characteristics frequencies of absorption. This makes the IR spectroscopy the most useful means to obtain the structural information about the organic and inorganic molecules as it measure easily and quickly the atoms vibrations so in this result we are able to indentify the functional group in a molecule. When it is passed through any of organic compounds some of the radiations are absorbed by the molecules and are appeared as absorption bands while the radiations that are not absorbed are given as transmitted energy. As only those frequencies has the ability to absorb that match with the frequencies of vibration bond. So this spectroscopy sometimes also called as the vibrational spectroscopy. Absorption occurs when the molecules are excited from the ground state of level to higher state vibrational energy level. The energy in this released is given as heat energy and then the excited molecule. The IR spectroscopy is consisting of three regions:
Near IR region 0.8-2.5µm
Mid IR region 2.5-16µm
Far IR region 16-10³µm
A graph is plotted absorbance or transmittance vs. as ordinate against wavelength or wave number. The maximum transmittance occurs at the top of the scale of spectrum and minimum on the absorbance spectrum.
Applications of IR Spectroscopy
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...onomical results about the sample quality.
Industrial uses of IR spectroscopy
In contrasting to IR spectroscopy also used in industries as topography of optics, also widely in mapping the images of chemicals. For example the carbon dioxide which clinically examines or used as reference or ascription technique and tuning routines are capable of getting exact CO2 contentment alteration. As the ascription technique is used by zero adjustment control for testing or examines the entire sample by giving 0% and also by another composition of carbon dioxide in the sample. Usually the given gases are compressed which include the composition of oxygen about 96% and remaining 4% of the carbon dioxide.
IR spectroscopy in astronomy:
The IR spectroscopy the region mainly the near IR is used in astronomical acquisition knowledge in which the atmospheric environment is studied for
The analyzed yellow#5 wavelength was determined to 395nm because the actual wavelength 427nm was restricted in the Micro lab. The R2 value of the graph is 0.9827, and the level of data accuracy it indicated extremely weak data correlation. The first one dilution data points excluded from the standard curve because the point is not in the linear curve. The first concentration and absorbance value are the highest point in the graph that cannot connect as linear with another data point. After removing the first data point, the standard curve is clear and make
Absorbance was defined as: log I_o/I where I_o is incident light and I is the transmitted light. Fluorescence emission spectrum is different from fluorescence excitation spectrum because it records different wavelengths of chemical s...
The least absorbed was the 4 Celsius with only 0.040 absorbed. The most absorbed was -20 Celsius with 0.219 absorbed.
Experimental and Computation Vibration-Rotation Spectroscopy for Carbon Monoxide Through the Use of High-Resolution Infrared (IR) Spectra
The color that was chose to be shined through the sample was purple. The spectrophotometer was set at a wavelength of 400nm to represent the purple color. It was zeroed using the blank meaning the spectrophotometer read zero as absorbance amount. The blank consisted of 5mL of water and 2.5 mL AVM and it was placed in cuvette. A solution with a known concentration of 2.0x10-4 M was used in the spectrometer. For this solution, 5 mL of the solution with 2.5 mL of AMV was placed in the cuvette. The cuvette was placed inside of spectrophotometer and the amount of absorbance was recorded. This procedure that involves a solution with a known concentration was repeated for the concentrations:1.0x10-4 M,5.0x10-5 M,2.0x10-5M, and1.0x10-5M.A unknown solution absorbance was measured by putting 5 mL of unknown solution with 2.5 mL AMV in a cuvette. The cuvette was placed in the spectrophotometer and the amount of absorbance was recorded. The procedure that deals with the unknown solution was repeated 2 more times with the same solution and the same amount of solution and AMV. The average of the three unknown solution was calculated and the concentration of the unknown solution was
A low absorbency would have a low color change so would be clear or slightly clear by the end of the trails and a high absorbency would have a strong red color by the end of the experiment.
The peaks at representative frequencies help determine which functional groups are in the molecule of a certain compound1. As explained in Table 1, the IR spectrum for 1-propanol was slightly different than the IR spectrum of its products, the racemic mixture of 1-bromopropane and 2-bromopropane. The starting material had a strong alcohol peak while the product did not. The same happened with 2-pentanol, the reactants showed a different IR spectrum than its expected products, 2-bromopentane and 3-bromopentane. During the reaction, the original reactant loses its alcohol functional group and is replaced with a halide. This results in a loss of a very noticeable broad, strong peak. IR can differentiate between starting and ending materials, but it cannot show differences between two products that are enantiomers and a racemic mixture. With 2-pentanol products, for instance, the IR spectrum cannot determine between the two products formed. They contain the same functional groups, so their respective IR spectrums would look the same since IR only shows components of a compound, not exact
Oliva-Chatelain, B. L., & Barron, A. R. (2010). Basics of UV-Visible Spectroscopy. Retrieved from openstax cnx: http://cnx.org/content/m34525/latest/
In terms of the electromagnetic spectrum, radio waves are slightly longer than infrared in the wide range of 10-2m to 105m, corresponding to frequencies from 300 GHz to as low as 3 kHz. The application of radio waves in imaging comes from the concept of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). NMR, a physical phenomenon utilized to investigate the molecular properties of matter with the use of the absorption of electromagnetic energy, is similar to VHF and UHF television broadcasts (60–1000 MHz) by the placing of atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field. This concept can be implemented on many different scientific studies such as medical imaging. Since NMR does not have any harmful side effects on humans it has seen an increase in laboratory use. Commonly used NMR applications in contaminant transport imaging and environmental studies are discussed below.
...ry high spectral resolution (i.e., to distinguish slightly differing wavelengths). For even higher spectral resolution astronomers employ Fabry-Perot interferometers. Spectra provide powerful diagnostics of the physical conditions within nebulae. Images and spectra provided by Earth-orbiting satellites, especially the Hubble Space Telescope, have yielded data of unprecedented quality.
A spectrum is an image or distribution of colour of any electromagnetic radiation arranged in a progressive series according to wavelength.
Atomic physics was a new science created in 1913 by Niels Bohr. He did this by making several new hypotheses to explain several discrepancies of glowing bodies and the radiation they emit that could not be explained by classical physics. Several decades before then, it was noted in experiments in the field of spectroscopy that observing glowing gas through a spectrometer revealed many different lines called spectral lines. The relationship between the lines was described by several scientists, the most famous of which was Rydberg. However, the fundamental question of how a single element can emit so many lines could not be answered. Niels Bohr answered this with the following hypotheses:
1- collection of related chemical data from different sources, arranging the data and storing it into special chemical libraries and databases.
Application such as the sun emits most of its radiation in the visible range which our eyes recognize as the color of rainbow.
Infrared transmission media and assorted infrared communication technologies work, as one may gather from the introduction, on the medium of non-visible light. Reasoning as to why infrared light is used as opposed to visible light is derived from the fact that visible light is much more susceptible to interference. Thus, we end up with the infrared light spectrum, which is the most reliable spectrum of light that can be used for unguided network communication. When multiple devices are setup to use a direct infrared connection, they communicate v...