This experiment was conduct to investigate the fluorescent behaviour of Leucophor PAF and to investigate the quenching of QBS with NaCl. It was found that the Leucophor PAF indeed satisfied the characteristic to act as whitening agent. It was also found that the quenching of QBS with NaCl was a diffusion-controlled collision process. Fluorescence measurement provides very important information about the photochemistry of a particular molecule. The first part of this experiment was dealing with the fluorescence behavior of a Leucophor PAF. Information from both spectrophotometry and fluorimetry was used to measure the quantum yield as well as to explain why Leucophor PAF was use as commercial optical brightener. The second part of this experiment dealing with fluorescence quenching of quinine bisulphate solution (QBS) is the presence of sodium chloride. Absorbance was defined as: log I_o/I where I_o is incident light and I is the transmitted light. Fluorescence emission spectrum is different from fluorescence excitation spectrum because it records different wavelengths of chemical s...
The absorbance of these mixtures is measured at a suitable wavelength. If 'x' mole/litre are added to (1-x) mole/litre of M and if C1, C2
The plasmid pGLO contains the GFP gene which can only be activated while in the presence of arabinose. The plasmid also contains an ampicillin resistance gene, which explains why bacterial cells transformed with pGLO can survive when ampicillin is present. GFP is a protein that is found in jellyfish, and is known for emitting a green fluorescent light. In vitro, it is able to fluoresce this green color by releasing photons from being in an excited energy state. The energy was provided by a UV light at the end of this experiment. Jellyfish can fluoresce this green on their own because in vivo, GFP works with another protein that allows the GFP to fluoresce without being in an excited energy
Light sticks work in a similar way. When you “snap” a light stick, the chemical in the glass capsule mixes with a chemical in the plastic tube and creates light energy. Instead of the chemicals used by a firefly, other chemicals are used to create a glow. The light stick that you can buy at a store usually contains hydrogen peroxide, phenyl oxalate ester, and fluorescent dye (New York Times Company, 1 of 3). The light stick will glow the same color as the fluorescent dye placed in it. In luminescence, the chemical reaction “kicks an electron of an atom out of its ‘ground’ (lowest-energy) state into an ‘excited’ (higher-energy) state, then the electron give back the energy in the form of light so it can fall back to it’s ‘ground’ state (Fluorescent Mineral Society, 1 of 2).
...ross section, larger photostabilty and higher quantum efficiency of the detectors , impurities being prebleached and removing of the background fluorescence using pinhole arrangements in the conjugate plane <<23. The above principles are implemented using either wide field methods or point detection methods which are completely application specific. Where on one hand confocal microscopy (a point detection method) has the advantage of attaining high signal is to noise ratio and high resolution but the drawback of unable to analyze numerous mobile molecules at a time <<23. On the other hand, using wide field epi- illumination excitation techniques coupled with CCD detection can probe several mobile molecules at once but has poor noise is to signal resolution and weak temporal resolution <
The history on adding fluoride to the drinking water is shaped by lies. It was insisted by the government that addition of fluoride to drinking water is safe and that it is necessary. However research conducted by many scientists’ shows that it is not safe to consume fluoride. Surveys have shown that areas where people consume fluoridated water have shown to pose serious health implications.
The reaction of (-)-α-phellandrene, 1, and maleic anhydride, 2, gave a Diels-Alder adduct, 4,7-ethanoisobenzofuran-1,3-dione, 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-5-methyl-8-(1-methylethyl), 3, this reaction gave white crystals in a yield of 2.64 g (37.56%). Both hydrogen and carbon NMR as well as NOESY, COSY and HSQC spectrum were used to prove that 3 had formed. These spectroscopic techniques also aided in the identification of whether the process was attack via the top of bottom face, as well as if this reaction was via the endo or exo process. These possible attacks give rise to four possible products, however, in reality due to steric interactions and electronics only one product is formed.
This experiment synthesized luminol (5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione) and used the product to observe how chemiluminescence would work. The starting material was 5-nitro-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione, which was, after addition of reaction agents, refluxed and vacuum filtered to retrieve luminol. Using two stock solutions, we missed our precipitated luminol with sodium hydroxide, potassium ferricyanide, and hydrogen peroxide, in their respective solutions, in a dark room, to observe the blue light
... maximum decolorization of 97 and 77% was detected for Solar Blue A and Solar Flavine 5G at and temperature 50ºC and pH 4 respectively. They observed that by increasing incubation time and enzyme units, the % decolourization also enhanced. H2O2 dose of 0.7mM for Salar Flavin 5G and 0.8mM for Solar Blue A was enough for the dye degradation.
Photosynthesis is a widely studied topic among the world of science due to its importance for life and its many uses. Photosynthetic pigments reflect and absorb different wavelengths of visible light based off their polarity. In this experiment, we studied photosynthetic pigments, first, by determining polarity and then, by measuring the amount of light of a given wavelength that a pigment absorbs. We used two methods in this experiment, chromatography and spectrophotometry. For the first portion of our experiment we determined the distance each pigment migrated, their R_f values, and their polarity. Our predications based off polarity, lead to our hypothesis
Would you drink water that contained cancer-causing chemicals? Would you let someone medicate you without your consent? Would you ingest something that was fed to concentration camp victims? No matter what the answer to those questions was, it is most likely happening anyways. The fluoride added to the United States water systems is extremely detrimental to human health. It is also a complete violation of human rights and consent. And because of its history and biological effects, it may be used in order to keep citizens easy to manipulate. Adding fluoride to water systems should be illegal as the government can employ it to control our minds.
When light comes in contact with the surface, it can be absorbed, reflected, transmitted or refracted. Type of light that is reflected from the surface determines our perception of color that surface in. Colorimeters and spectrophotometers is affected by absorption and transmission of light to measure the
ples one through three and a second blank for sample four. A spectrophotometer was set up with a transmittance of 600nm wavelength light for this experiment. Immediately after the cuvettes were properly prepared, they were covered with parafilm and shook vigorously for two seconds to mix the components. The cuvettes were then placed into spectrophotometer and their percent transmittances were recorded. A blank was placed before measuring each cuvette. Table 3 provides the transmittance readings of each samples reduced DPIP.
Hue is the common name for the colours in the spectrum which are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. A pigment is a colouring ag...
V. Amarnath, D. C. Anthony, K. Amarnath, W. M. Valentine, L. A. Wetterau, D. G. J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, p. 6924-6931.