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Essays about the definition of survival
Critical analysis of the indian civilization
Critical analysis of the indian civilization
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A House for Mr. Biswas deals with a theme of deeper significance, the theme of selfhood where an individual quests for identity and struggles to acquire a personal place for which the ‘’House’’ stands as an evocative symbol all through. The possibility of acquiring a personal place in the New World is suggestive of a fragile hope. In this novel, Naipaul also expresses a hope for the developing a unity or a kind of bond among the people in this world. Soon after this, in The Mimic Men, we find that hope gives way to utter despair and hopelessness. Naipaul, in fact, launches the act of purgation of his system of all dreams of possibility in his non-factional work An Area of Darkness. We may, in actuality in his non-factional work. We may, in …show more content…
The book An Area of Darkness thus records the failure of his attempts to come to terms with it. During his stay in India Naipaul realized that racial similarities had no meaning and that his Trinidadian upbringing and western education had rendered him a colonial without a country, an international man, a product of an empire that had withdrawn. The book, in a way, comes handy to purge his soul of India.
In the latter book India: A Wounded Civilization Naipaul adopts a pragmatic approach to prove his point on the postcolonial society. What he seeks and hears around in India, he relates to men who reflect or transmit culture, to concepts, and assumptions such as “Dharma’’ and “Karma” at the back of the Hindu attitude. He finds Gandhi and R.K. Narayan as more or less representing the old morality, and Vijay Tendulkar and U.R. Ananthamurthy as reflecting the inadequacy “new morality,’’ whereby individuals realizing the inadequacy of post myths strike out on their own. Naipaul says, in the “Foreword’’ India is for me a difficult country. It isn’t my home and cannot be my home, and yet I cannot reject it or be indifferent to it . Thus the spiritual fix in which he finds himself while he is face to face with India is not of divided Loyalties but of divided energies. This is what Naipaul says of Gandhi in An Area of
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The Indian background from which he comes is submerged in a mixed culture whose other components is equally croded and twisted, and it exercises an oppressive hold on people’s sentiments. The West Indian and East Indian cultures are products of cultural displacement oppressed by a sense of dereliction. The absence of any well–defined traditions promotes or necessitates such pragmatic qualities as cleverness, resourcefulness, common sense, and manipulation of people and circumstances. The need to survive becomes the immediate requirement of the individuals, and all of Naipaul’s characters turn out to be experts in what art of surviving at all odds. Naipaul is very much interested in what happens to individuals in a colonial ethos. It is in tracing the rites of passage through which these individuals have to pass that Naipaul the ironist surfaces. One of the major themes of Naipaul’s work is the colonial artist discovering his own artistic potentialities. For a West Indian writer who is disinherited by all traditions and at the same time exposed to all traditions, the problem of becoming a writer is in itself an assertion, of independence and identity. Living is in borrowed culture, the west Indian, more the most, needs writers to tell him who he is and where he stands. Naipaul’s work is in sense as implicit
... 134). To Americans, India still continues to be an exotic land of fairytale. They also ask him questions on ‘recent rise of Hindu fundamentalism’ which Gogol, like any ordinary American kid, is oblivious to the current affairs of India. Another American lady Pamela comments that Gogol is lucky because he would not fall sick if he visits India like her friend had. Inspite of Gogol’s emphasis that his parents “devote the better part of suitcase to medicine . . .” Pamela cannot be convinced because to her Gogol’s identity is essentially to that of an Indian. It is apparent to a native American Gogol is a representative of India, a land of exotic culture, palaces, and simultaneously a land of diseases. In reality Gogol is like any other American kid of his generation but he cannot truly blend in their life as his first identity is ‘Indian’ and to that of an ‘outsider’.
In attempting to define the history and modern identity of postcolonial nations, Partha Chatterjee calls to attention the many paradoxes inherent in the cultural fabric of India. It is a country, he notes, with a modern culture based on native tradition that has been influenced by its colonial period. This modern culture contains conflicts and contradictions that create the ambiguity in India’s national identity. U. R. Anantha Murthy’s understands Indian culture as a mosaic pattern of tradition and modernity. He writes of a heterodox reality where the intellectual self is in conflict with the emotional, the rational individual experiences the sad nostalgia of the exile from his traditional roots and in fluctuating between belief and non-belief he works out his dilemmas. This paper attempts a reading of the transgression of “Love Laws” in Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things as not only the representation of this heterodox modernity in the personal domain as a reflection of the larger national conflict but also a postcolonial writer’s dilemmas in search for an identity and their troubles in expressing it.
Friedrich Nietzsche and Mahatma Gandhi, two mammoth political figures of their time, attack the current trend of society. Their individual philosophies and concepts suggest a fundamental problem: if civilization is so diseased, can we overcome this state of society and the sickness that plagues the minds of the masses in order to advance? Gandhi and Nietzsche attain to answer the same proposition of sickness within civilization, and although the topic of unrest among both may be dissimilar, they have parallel means of finding a cure to such an illness as the one that plagues society. Nietzsche’s vision of spiritual health correlates directly with Gandhi’s image of industrialism and the self-sufficiency. This correlation prevails by highlighting the apparent sickness that is ubiquitous in both of the novels.
Recent years have witnessed a large number of Indian English fiction writers who have stunned the literary world with their works. The topics dealt with are contemporary and populist and the English is functional, communicative and unpretentious. Novels have always served as a guide, a beacon in a conflicting, chaotic world and continue to do so. A careful study of Indian English fiction writers show that there are two kinds of writers who contribute to the genre of novels: The first group of writers include those who are global Indians, the diasporic writers, who are Indians by birth but have lived abroad, so they see Indian problems and reality objectively. The second group of writers are those born and brought up in India, exposed to the attitudes, morale and values of the society. Hence their works focus on the various social problems of India like the plight of women, unemployment, poverty, class discrimination, social dogmas, rigid religious norms, inter caste marriages, breakdown of relationships etc.
In this book writer has also used the perspective of psychoanalysis to examine lahiri’s fiction and it has also used different ideas of Sigmund fraud, Andre Greene and Julia kristeva. The book comprises of four chapters and the first chapter of the book Diaspora Hereafters pertains the gap between first generation and second generation. First generation In Unaccustomed Earth is Indian American Immigrants with their American born children living in a community of diaspora, maintaining their American identity and also resisting their parent’s love for past life, migration experience and their memories of their mother country (1). Jhumpa lahiri’s interviews always gives an indication that after her parent’s death she felt she had lost her identity (2). The second chapter is Revenant Melancholy which deals with Kaushik crime and exile. The third chapter is Dead Mothers and Haunting which describes intentions of Hema. The fourth chapter is Future of Diaspora which explains the loss of immigrants’ identity and loss of mother land. Still this books lacks in describing immigrants predicaments due to shift in their identities. Though researcher has defined the problems of immigrants but lahiri’s play of continuous shifting identities is not even touched by
According to Tanveer Hasan in his case study of Amitav Ghosh’s novels of Indian-American Diasporic Literature, One might argue that there are instances in the characters created by Ghosh who cling to memories more than they cling to their sanity. One cannot of course deny the important role memories have to play in framing or reframing the psyche of an individual, par when they have undergone a harrowing experience such as ‘cultural displacement, factional uprooting, secession claims, and ethnic refugees.’ The clarity with which the characters and the story tellers seem to get in and out of the realms of rational arguments about memory and irrational theories concerning the nostalgia is what makes Amitav Ghosh an author who narrates the tales of experience and not just of plots and
Mehta, Kamal. “Naipaul as a Short Story Writer”. V. S. Naipaul: Critical Essays Vol. 3. Edited by Ray, Mohit Kumar. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers, 2005. Print.
There are stories within the stories depicted in numerous vignettes. Set in 1980s, the novel gives a graphic account of a cross section of Indian society in characters like Jemubhai Patel, a former judge, his teenaged granddaughter Sai and their cook, Panna Lal who live in a house in the north East Indian town Kalimpong, Biju, the cook's son, Gyan, Saeed, Haresh- Harvy and the two sisters, Lolita and Nonita. All these figures are the inheritors of loss, in terms of dislocation of place, wealth and progress. They are all transformed from their 'native' identity into something quite different, a " Westernized native". Rather, they are negotiating with a state of non-identity. Caught between two worlds, the characters negotiate a new social space; caught between two cultures and often languages the writer also negotiates a new literary space. They are all haunted by questions often asked by an immigrant: Who am I? Where do I
Kim gives a vivid picture of the complexities in India under British rule. It shows the life of the bazaar mystics, of the natives, of the British military. There is a great deal of action and movement, for Kipling's vast canvas painted in full detail. The dialogue in the novel makes use of Indian phrases translated by the author, they give the flavor of native speech in India. They are also touches of the native behavior and shrewdness.
...nial institution--one voice which would articulate their own sense of national identity. But exploration of these societies, and the literature produced by postcolonial authors and poets illustrates that there is a veritable infinite number of differing circumstances inherent in each postcolonial society, and, consequently, in each piece of literature produced by postcolonial writers. If one is to read this literature in a way which will shed some light on the postcolonial condition, one must understand and adopt the theory that we are all walking amalgamations of our own unique cultures and traditions. We are all always struggling with our own identities, personal and national. We must understand that there is no "one true voice" representing an easily identifiable postcolonial condition, but, instead, each author is his or her own voice and must be read as such.
In both of these short stories, both Naipaul and Lessing explore the topic of post-colonial cultural identity though a diverse lens. Primarily, these authors explore the context of race, and class, something that prevalent in all of our lives wherever we come from. By opening these diverse lanes of communication through literature, each author has only made their country a better but the world as well, i.e. the mission of Nobel Laureates.
Generally, in the depiction of the immigrant woman’s negotiations with the New World, Bharati Mukherjee’s treatment of the past spacetime becomes crucial. Usually, her novels portray the past spacetime as a circumscribing space that must be escaped in order to (re)construct identity. For instance, in Wife, Mukherjee depicts Dimple’s inability to escape from the past as an inability to transform into an American individual who has the agency to define her self. On the other hand, in Jasmine, the protagonist almost completely rejects her past and her Indianness to facilitate her transformation and assimilation in America. Both novels depict the past as a constricting spacetime. However, in Desirable Daughters, instead of depicting the past as an essentialist, fixed entity that thwarts the transformation of identity, Mukherjee highlights the active participation of the past spacetime in (re)defining identity. Mukheree’s new artistic vision parallels Homi Bhabha’s theory of the performative space, whose dynamicity challenges pedagogical fixity and contributes to the continual (re)structuring of both individual identities and nation-spaces. Meanwhile, Mukherjee’s new treatment of the past spacetime resolves some of the dialectical strands of her artistic vision. To delineate the dissolution of these dialectics, this article traces Mukherjee’s portrayal of the past spacetime, first as an essentialist entity, then as a fluid metaphor, and lastly as an ambivalent entity that helps the protagonist redefine her identity. In the process, critics who brush off Mukherjee’s novels as having an Orientalist vision may be made to reconsider her aesthetics as well as her novels.
Rutherford, Andrew. Introduction. Twentieth Century Interpretations of A Passage to India. Ed. Andrew Rutherford. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1970.
Naipaul, V.S., India: A Wounded Civilization. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1983. All subsequent reference with page numbers are from this edition.
Beer, J., 1985. A Passage to India: Essays in Interpretation. London: The Macmillan Press Ltd.