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Male and female are simply not enough. Anne Fausto-Sterling makes this crystal clear in her work, "The Five Sexes". Her essay goes into detail about the history of hermaphrodites. People tend to shun anyone or any idea that is unusual. From birth, humans are programmed to think of certain things as normal, and to think of other things as weird. Sterling 's essay is very strong in medical information about intersexual people and it has different examples about living an intersexual lifestyle.
On page 20, Fausto-Sterling says "Even language refuses other possibilities...I have had to invent convention—s/he and his/her—to denote someone who is clearly neither male nor female or who is perhaps both sexes at once". It is true that hermaphrodites
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According to Fausto-Sterling because Levi Suydam was said to be "More female than male", Levi was originally not allowed to vote. Levi asked to be included in the ballot, and this caused great commotion. To calm people down, a doctor had to examine Levi. The doctor reported that Suydam had a penis, so Suydam was considered a male. Ironically, Levi 's vote made a huge difference because his party won the election by a majority of one.
It is almost a requirement for people in society to conform to sexism. Sometimes it is the legal system or a higher power that play a huge role. This is seen earlier with Levi, but also when Fausto-Sterling discusses how the Jewish books of law the restrictions of each gender on page 23. "The Tosefta expressly forbids hermaphrodites to inherit their fathers ' estates (like daughters)...or to shave (like men). When hermaphrodites menstruate they must be isolated from men (like women)". This not only demonstrates the unfairness of herms, but even with the two "normal"
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Young, and he had different characteristics than most. "Young did not pass judgment on the people he studied, nor did he attempt to coerce into treatment those intersexuals who rejected that option" (Fausto-Sterling 23). It seemed as if he was playing for both sides because he also had a book that influenced "modern surgical and hormonal methods of changing intersexuals into either males or females".
If origins really meant something, then the term "hermaphrodite" should hold the value of versatility and maybe even someone who is gifted. Fausto-Sterling talks about how the word hermaphrodite comes from the Greek. On page 22, she says "Hermaphrodite comes from the Greek names Hermes, variously known as the messenger of the gods, the patron of music, the controller of dreams or the protector of livestock". She also says, "Aphrodite, the goddess of sexual love and beauty". This demonstrates that the term hermaphrodite should not be a term of humiliation but it should be a term of
Gender Matters is a collection of various essays on feminist linguistic texts analysis, by Sara Mills. Mills develops methods of analyzing literary and non-literary texts, in addition to conversational analysis based on a feminist approach. The author draws on data from her collection of essays gathered over the last two decades on feminism during the 1990s. The essays focus on gender issues, the representation of gender in reading, writing, and in public speaking. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of feminists’ analysis of sexism in literature and the relation between gender and politeness. The article is informative for my research paper, as my topic is going to cover language analysis of the text and who women reading and writing differs according to the discourse analysis within linguistic, psychology, case studies audiences and surveys. The book would be helpful, particularly the last three essays that discusses gender, public speaking, the question of politeness and impoliteness in public speaking. Mills’ analysis is not complete without including the idea of global notions of both women and men, to see whether women and men write and read in the same way globally. Therefore, an update would enrich the book’s discussion section. Although, Mills addresses the class and race theme in language and public speaking, I will only look into the role of language that plays a part in doing or reducing gender in literary, non-literary texts and in conversation.
Sexism is the ideology that maintains that one sex is inherently inferior to the other. Sexism or discrimination based on gender has been a social issue for many years; it is the ideology that one sex is superior or inferior to the other. Sexism does not only affect females, but also males. Men are very often victimized by social stereotypes and norms based on gender expectations. Sexism has appears in almost all social institutions including family, the media, religion, sports, the military, politics, and the government. However, although both genders are affected, men have benefited from sexism the most (Thompson 300-301.)
In “Gender as a Social Structure: Theory Wrestling with Activism”, the author Barbara Risman explains her theory to readers about how gender should be thought of as a social structure. Thinking of it as such would allow people to examine how gender is ingrained in almost every part of society, thus putting gender on an equal level of importance with economics and politics. In society, gender dictates many of the opportunities and limitations that an individual may face in his or her lifetime. Barbara Risman points out the three aspects of the gender structure that happen at an individual, interactional, and institutional level (Risman, pg. 446). First, gender contributes to how a person will develop themselves in life. This is the “individual level”. At an interactional level, men and women face different expectations that are set by society. The individual and interactional level are linked because sometimes, changes to one level can affect the other. The third level, the institutional level, notes that gender is affected by laws, rules, and organizational practices that dictate what
Every society forms different cultures and social norms how people behave and constructs stereotypes and expectations of people based on how they were seen throughout history and cultural backgrounds. Once set, norms are unlikely to be changed over time. This social construction decides which group will have benefits and privileges and which won’t. One example of these social constructed norms is gender. Gender, regardless of how different cultures define it, is generally and mostly made up of masculinity, femininity.
Gender is deeply embedded into our society. It is pretty much at every level; it is something complex that goes far beyond just being a male or female. Gender impacts what occupations individuals have access to do, what type of activities they can and can’t do and even what colors they can and cannot wear. As mentioned by Catherine G. Valentine, in The Prism of Gender, society has taught us that a real woman is feminine; a real man is masculine and heterosexual; and any deviation is unacceptable and unnatural (3). Therefore, we live in a society that is binary, and has taught us that there are only two acceptable genders, male and female, and as a result everything is shaped by that idea. Nonetheless, like stated by Kate Bornstein in Gender
I believe that the reasoning behind our society’s strong need to maintain sexual dichotomy is the fact that if it changed it would contradict a long- established belief of what is considered normal. She cites Anne Fausto- Sterling saying “are genuinely humanitarian, reflecting the wish that people be able to ‘fit in’ both physically and psychologically” (183) as she stresses this it revels that doctors are making a decision to try and help children fit in to what is considered ordinary or usual as talked about in “The Five Sexes, Revisited” and now
Author and feminist Alix Kates Shulman said once: “Sexism goes so deep that at first it’s hard to see, you think it’s just reality” (McEneany). That quote sums up perfectly the way our society runs. There is no class teaching children how to act according the their gender. Yet little boys and little girls learn at a very young age what is expected of them. They get ideas about their gender roles from their parents, their school teachers and subconsciously from the toys they play with and the television shows they watch.
Throughout the book I began to realize that sex is biological and gender is part of a cultural and societal construct. In Fausto-Sterling’s Dueling Dualisms, he talks about second wave feminism, which made it clear to me that sex is distinct from gender. Sexologists differentiate between sex and gender by defining sex biological, while describing gender as something that is more psychological and dependent on a person’s behavior.
Anne Fausto-Sterling is a Professor of Biology and Women’s Studies at Brown University. Sterling wrote, “The Five Sexes Revisited” between July and August of 2000. Sterling is responding to the scientists in the same profession. As well as intersexual and transgendered people in-between male and female.
Social Construction of Gender Today’s society plays a very important role in the construction of gender. Gender is a type of issue that has raised many questions over the years in defining and debating if both male and female are equal. Today, gender is constructed in four different ways. The The first way gender is defined is by the family in which a child is raised.
Gender has been around throughout history; however, within recent years, gender has separated itself from the traditional view of sex, e.i., male or female, and has become centered on ones masculinity or femininity. Of course gender is more than just ones masculinity or femininity, gender has become a way for one to describe, he or she, in a way in which they are different from everyone else. Gender has turned into a sense of identity, a way for one to feel different and fulfilled among all of those around them. Of course gender’s sense of freedom would seem outside of structure and only affected by one’s own agency, however, structure is a key component in establishing gender. We can look into both ethnic Mexican’s culture practices regarding sexuality, children songs and games, and see that cultural traditions still heavily influence gender, creating what is masculine and what is feminine and what is the role of each gender, as well as challenging the notions that gender is solely based on agency.
Gender is such a ubiquitous notion that humans assume gender is biological. However, gender is a notion that is made up in order to organize human life. It is created and recreated giving power to the dominant gender, creating an inferior gender and producing gender roles. There are many questionable perspectives such as how two genders are learned, how humans learn their own gender and others genders, how they learn to appropriately perform their gender and how gender roles are produced. In order to understand these perspectives, we must view gender as a social institution. Society bases gender on sex and applies a sex category to people in daily life by recognizing gender markers. Sex is the foundation to which gender is created. We must understand the difference between anatomical sex and gender in order to grasp the development of gender. First, I will be assessing existing perspectives on the social construction of gender. Next, I will analyze three case studies and explain how gender construction is applied in order to provide a clearer understanding of gender construction. Lastly, I will develop my own case study by analyzing the movie Mrs. Doubtfire and apply gender construction.
You determine a human’s sex with the XY Sex-Determination System. All humans, most mammals, and a smattering of plants, insects, and reptiles become classified by the set of chromosomes that they’re born with. Females are homogametic (having the same sex chromosomes, XX), while males are heterogametic (have different chromosomes, XY). There are conditions where it is possible to have a different chromosome lineup than the typical two stated here. The most common is being intersex, happening 1 in 2000 births. If you’re intersex, then you were born with heterogametic chromosomes, but they both never became fully developed, meaning you could lose some of the typical male or female secondary sexual characteristics, i.e. pubic hair, enlarged Adam’s
Gender and sexuality can be comprehended through social science. Social science is “the study of human society and of individual relationships in and to society” (free dictionary, 2009). The study of social science deals with different aspects of society such as politics, economics, and the social aspects of society. Gender identity is closely interlinked with social science as it is based on an identity of an individual in the society. Sexuality is “the condition of being characterized and distinguished by sex” (free dictionary, 2009). There are different gender identities such as male, female, gay, lesbian, transgender, and bisexual that exists all around the world. There is inequality in gender identities and dominance of a male regardless of which sexuality they fall under. The males are superior over the females and gays superior over the lesbians, however it different depending on the place and circumstances. This paper will look at the gender roles and stereotypes, social policy, and homosexuality from a modern and a traditional society perspective. The three different areas will be compared by the two different societies to understand how much changes has occurred and whether or not anything has really changed. In general a traditional society is more conservative where as a modern society is fundamentally liberal. This is to say that a traditional society lists certain roles depending on the gender and there are stereotypes that are connected with the genders. One must obey the one that is dominant and make decisions. On the other hand, a modern society is lenient, It accepts the individual’s identity and sexuality. There is no inequality and everyone in the society is to be seen as individuals not a part of a family unit...
What he fails to realize is that there are many intersex individuals in society today, living as any other person would. An intersex individual was born with ambiguous genitalia or sex organs. This is usually caused by a chromosomal insertion or absence. A biological female has two X chromosomes and a biological male has an X and a Y chromosome. Some individuals are born with more than 2 X's and some are only born with one X and no resulting X or Y. There are many combinations of X and Y chromosomes that result in a person whose genitalia do not match up with the sex organs they are born with. Since these people were not born male or female, which gender does society dictate for them? The parents of these individuals usually have surgery on their children to give them a sex that correlates with the gender