Shah Waliullah’s renaissance movement was aimed at political, social, economical and spiritual regeneration of Muslim society. However, to bring these reforms, he had to alter the approach and intellectual life of Muslim. Because after the departure of Aurangzeb, Indian Muslims were adversely affected they lost the glory of their rule.
Need of intellectual reorientation of Muslims.
Muslims were indulged into immoral, Hindu practices. They had become ignorant of Islamic teachings. Furthermore, there arisen so many differences between Sunnis and Shias. And that were depending.
In addition, Muslims were economically repressed; they were deprived of social and economical privileges. The whole situation was created by major reason of ignorance of Islamic code of life and their weak intellectual approach. To counter that situation, ShahWaliullah had undertaken following remedial steps.
Social Reforms
It was the need of the time to reinvent the Muslim approach to society. Shah Waliullah urged the Muslim to lead their life according to Islamic injunctions. He reconciled the differences between Sunni and Shia and wrote the “Izalat-ul-Khifa and Khilafat – it – Khulfa”. Besides that, he translated the Quran into Persian language so that Muslim can understand the meaning of the holy Quran.
During that time, Sunni were also divided in themselves. And to resolve their disputes, he wrote another book.
“Al –Insaf fi Bayan Sahib Ul Ikhtilaf”. In brief, he brought social harmony among Muslims.
Economical Reforms
Muslims were economically backward. They were living a miserable life because of unequal distribution of wealth. Shah Waliullah changed their mentality by urging them to cease the exploitation of Poor Muslims. He as...
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..., educational, economical and political outlook of Muslims.
And Deoband achieved limited sphere of influence than Aligarh. Nevertheless, it was also provided some major benefits to Muslims. It influenced the orthodox Muslim, it further strengthened separate Muslim identity.
Critical analysis of their contribution
Though their views and mission were different each others, but their contributions to Muslim cause and Pakistan can not be denied. These movements strengthened the separate Muslim identity which provided them platform for Pakistan.
On the whole, it is a glassing fact that both Aligarh and Deoband were having a rift between them as result of their contrasting views and mission which were apple of discord between the leaders of the both movement. Nonetheless, both movements have given the path to Indian Muslim to achieve their homeland Pakistan.
...y by compiling a summary of Islamic history, and, by doing so, creates a complete Islamic history that can go toe to toe with European history. As a result, his argument stands to be thorough, suggesting that Islamic history indeed plays a role in today’s international world
Ibn Munqidh, Usama. "From Memoirs." McNeill, William and Marilyn Robinson Waldman. The Islamic World. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1973. 184-206.
Roy Mottahedeh is a professor of Islamic history at Harvard University. He has written widely in the history of Islam and religion. The Mantle of the Prophet is one of the books that Mottahedeh wrote. In this book, Mottahedeh covers different aspects that include Islamic faith, Iranian city of Qom, traditions derived from the history of Iran, political change in Iran and secular Islamic learning among other issues. Ali Hashemi and Parviz studied together in the same elementary school courtyard. However, each of them took different turns. This paper is a review of The Mantle of the Prophet by Roy Mottahedeh. It will discuss the similarities and differences of the ideologies of Hashemi and Parviz and their oppositions to the Shah. It will also discuss their social backgrounds and cultural influences on their outlook of the world.
Al Ghazali a significant person in Islam has helped shape Islam to be what it is today - a living religious tradition for the lives of its adherents. His contribution to Islam though his theories, knowledge and works have left a positive impact upon the Islamic world that continues into the present. An everlasting impact upon the faith, Muslims and the expansion of Islam to be one of the most popular religious traditions in the present world for the lives of its adherents is seen as Al Ghazali’s
The division between Shia and Sunni dates back to the death of the Prophet Muhammad, and the question of who was to take over the leadership of the Muslim nation. Sunni Muslims agree with the position taken by many of the Prophet's companions, that the new leader should be elected from among those capable of the job. This is what was done, and the Prophet Muhammad's close friend and advisor, Abu Bakr, bec...
Rahman, Fazlur. Islam & Modernity: Transformation of an Intellectual Tradition. Chicago: U of Chicago, 1982. Print.
After the failure of Kafir westerners in distancing the Muslims from their ‘Aqeedah via the missionaries, orientalists, cultural works, the media intellectual and political deception, they resorted to official ways in their countries and the in the countries of their agents. They began to hold
Many of the reforms put in place by the White Revolution had a direct impact on the ulama and went against the ideology of the Islam. One of the “major grievance” the ulama had against Pahlavi’s regime was the continuous attempts to mitigate the “power and influence” of the ulama, as well as the “growing power of Western Infidels and their ways”. One policy that the ulama felt was an attempt to mitigate their influence was the land reform policy. The land reform policy allowed landowners to have “one village, or a total of six dongs (each dong is one sixth of a property)”. The government purchased the excess land, and then would redistribute the land to peasant farms. However, this policy directly affected the ulama economically. The ulama relied heavily on waqf lands, and used the revenues in order to maintain mosques and seminaries. Another policy that affected the ulama financial and contributed to their discontent with the Shah was in 1977, when Iran was in the middle of an economic crisis. The Shah appointed a new Prime minister, Jamshid Amuzegar, who imposed the austerity program. In the austerity program, Amuzegar decided to “substantially lower the allocation of a secret fund from which the ulama received lucrative stipends”. This act shut off an important source of capital that the ulama used to carry out their day-to-day operation. Further
General Muhammed Zia-ul-Haq proclaimed Martial Law in 1977 and assumed the office of the President of the country. The then government had to issue several martial law regulations to effectively control the aggravating situation in the country. There is one strong opinion which has effectively prevailed over the years and that is hat the process of Islamization, in fact, began the day the Qadianis were declared as non-Muslims on their negation of the finality of Prophethood in 1974. The opinion seems to carry some weight as the action of the Government of Mr. Z.A. Bhutto, declaring the Qadianis as non-Muslims, was understood as a step to have been taken for the safeguard of the basic tenents of Islam. However, it was the martial law regime under General Muhammed Zia-ul-Haq which took practical steps for the process of Islamization.
Bouhdiba, Abdelwahab. "The Message of Islam." Diogenes (International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies). Humanities Full Text. 2005. Web.
Both of these were meant for complete eradication of the British government and worked hand in hand. This caused an immediate bonding between the Hindu and the Muslim sections of the society, which was unprecedented in the Hindu dominated India.
The new leadership did all of this specially for two reasons- to satisfy the countrymen who were reluctant to Mujib government for its ‘secular stance resulted in the rise of Islamic sentiments among them’ and to grab the much needed financial aid from the Arab countries to finance its ambitious economic programs. In this phase, the relations of Bangladesh with the Muslim countries was very cordial. Bangladesh was benefited both economically and politically. The process of developing relations with the Muslim countries reached its culmination in this stage.
During Muhammad’s time, he united many areas in Arabia and was able to establish a religious communi...
The Holy Quran (Arabic Text with the English Translation by the late Sir Muhammad Zafrullah Khan: President of the 17th Session of U.N. General Assembly and later Judge and President of the International Court of Justice at the Hague, London; Curzon Press
We can start by recounting history, where the roots of the conflict lie. India was one massive nation made up of several states, ruled by the British. A long and difficult independence struggle culminated with the British choosing to leave India in August 1947. The Muslims of the land decided that instead of just a Free India, they would create a Free Pakistan for themselves as well. They were fearful that as a minority, the Hindu majority would trample their rights and religion. Both countries would be formed as soon as the British handed back control in August. The rulers of each individual state constituting India would chose which country to join, hopefully following the wishes of its people. This idea was fraught with problems. There were quite a few states that had a majority of one religion yet the ruler belonged to another faith. The states of Hyderabad and Junagarh were examples of this. Both had Hindu majorities and M...