Q. Discuss in detail the Islamization programme of General Muhammed Zia-ul-Haq as the president of Pakistan.
A. Islamization Programme of General Muhammed Zia-ul-Haq: -
Background: -
General Muhammed Zia-ul-Haq proclaimed Martial Law in 1977 and assumed the office of the President of the country. The then government had to issue several martial law regulations to effectively control the aggravating situation in the country. There is one strong opinion which has effectively prevailed over the years and that is hat the process of Islamization, in fact, began the day the Qadianis were declared as non-Muslims on their negation of the finality of Prophethood in 1974. The opinion seems to carry some weight as the action of the Government of Mr. Z.A. Bhutto, declaring the Qadianis as non-Muslims, was understood as a step to have been taken for the safeguard of the basic tenents of Islam. However, it was the martial law regime under General Muhammed Zia-ul-Haq which took practical steps for the process of Islamization.
The Islamization Programme: -
The Islamization programme of General Muhammed Zia-ul-Haq contained the following steps.
1. Hadood Ordinance.
2. Qazaf Ordinance.
3. Nizaam-e-Salaat Committees.
4. Zakat Ordinance.
5. Ushr Ordinance.
(a). Central Zakat Council. (b). Provincial Zakat Council.
(c). District Zakat Committee. (d). Tehsil Zakat Committee.
6. Establishment of Federal Shariat Court.
7. Interest Free Banking.
8. Compulsory teaching of Pakistan Studies and Islamiat.
9. Ordinance for the sanctity of Ramzan-ul-Mubarak.
10. Ban of Nudity.
11. Arabic News.
12. Use of Dopatta.
13.Majlis-e-Shoora.
in contravention to this Ordinance was liable to three yeas imprisonment and a fine of RS. 500/-. However, hospitals, railway stations, seaports, bus stands, trains and airports were exempted from this Ordinance.
The Government in order to make Pakistan a real Islamic State strived hard to introduce Islamic System in the country.
The Government for this reason needed staunch support and cooperation from the masses. Pakistan at that time was passing through the transitory stage towards the ultimate goal of achieving an Islamic society. A very long span was required to mould Pakistan into an Islamic State.
10. Ban of Nudity: -
The Government imposed a strict ban on the display of nude posters particularly on portraying women as publicity symbols. Display of nude scenes and moving films with nudity were also banned ob the television.
11. Arabic News: -
Everyday, five minutes were reserved for Arabic news on the television.
Livingston, John W., and Al-Jabarti. "The Rise of Shaykh al-Balad 'Ali Bey al-Kabir: A Study in
All women should hold rights equal to men because a society governed by men and women as a unit would promote stability and peace. In “The Destructive Male” written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Stanton argues through diction and the employment of ethos, pathos, and logos that giving rights to women, and allowing women to hold positions in politics and government, would be beneficial to the whole of society.
Bangerter, Alison. An Examination Of the Psychological Mind of Mary Shelley's Victor Frankenstein. 4 April 2011 .
Frankenstein is a book written by Mary Shelley in 1818, that is revolved around a under privileged scientist named Victor Frankenstein who manages to create a unnatural human-like being. The story was written when Shelley was in her late teen age years, and was published when she was just twenty years old. Frankenstein is filled with several different elements of the Gothic and Romantic Movement of British literature, and is considered to be one of the earliest forms of science fiction. Frankenstein is a very complicated and complex story that challenges different ethics and morals on the apparent theme of dangerous knowledge. With the mysterious experiment that Dr. Victor Frankenstein conducted, Shelly causes her reader to ultimately ask themselves what price is too high to pay to gain knowledge. It is evident that Shelly allows the reader to sort of “wonder” about the reaction they would take when dealing with a situation such as the one implemented throughout the book.
Said explains how Muslims have been dehumanized and categorized as an inferior group (their superior being USA Christianity due to the ideological hegemony that our country enacts) and how this leads to seeing one’s self as the ‘other’ because of these circumstances. Said, just not in so many words, describes Du Bois’ double-consciousness while also bringing in Hall’s concept of encoding. The USA sees all Muslims as terrorists because of the actions of a few, and has even started a war, within and outside of its borders, against this religion. Not only has this occurred because of the stereotypes and prejudices placed upon Muslim people, but the media propaganda reinforces this viewpoint in such a way as to encourage it, as well. “Orientalism as a tool of power works to distribute knowledge, to control, to manipulate, and to incorporate notions of difference into the hegemony of Europe” (Garner 2014), simply by using these aspects of double-consciousness and encoding/decoding. The West is the creator of Orientalism in the sense that its power has influenced more than one society & those society’s views. Authority “is formed, irradiated, disseminated; it is instrumental, it is persuasive; it has status, it establishes canons of taste and value; it is virtually indistinguishable from certain ideas it dignifies as true, and from traditions, perceptions, and judgments it forms,
Hilāl, ʻAlī Al-Dīn. Islamic Resurgence in the Arab World. New York, NY: Praeger, 1982. Print.
With tuition rising every year, students face the challenge paying the debt achieving a college degree comes with. “Student debt surpassed credit-card debt in June 2010 for the first time in history, rising to about $830 billion — or nearly 6 percent of the nation 's annual economic output”(Clemmitt, Marcia). Not everyone has a ton of money just laying around. Being that financial trouble is the biggest problem for students, they begin to question whether college is worth it or not. In recent years, students have taken out loans to help with expenses. Most students choose to attend a community and junior college to help minimize the debt. Even after graduating with a degree, students still face the struggle of finding a job in this economic time. For higher class families this may not be a problem to them. But for the middle class and low income families, they face tougher times being that they don 't have the financial help like higher class families do. For the middle class and low income families, it makes more sense attending a community and junior college rather than a four year university.
For the past few decades, receiving a college education has been a stressed importance in today’s society. However it is often misunderstood that attending a 4-year school is the best and only way to go. Following this belief, many students attend these schools with out being academically, financially, or mentally prepared. Unfortunately students like this have failed to over look the more realistic options available to them, such as community college. Junior college is a resource available to anyone regardless of his or her previous academic performance. The variety of courses and the inexpensive tuition gives students flexibility to explore the many options presented to them. Though Universities hold more prestige, community colleges provide endless opportunities for students who aren’t fully prepared for a 4-year education
Rahman, Fazlur. Islam & Modernity: Transformation of an Intellectual Tradition. Chicago: U of Chicago, 1982. Print.
Ludwig, P. (1999). Iranian Nation and Islamic Revolutionary Ideology. Die Welt des islams. 39(2). 183-217.
Democracy and Islam, an article written by Irfan Ahmad1 strives to show that there is a possibility that Islam can move towards democracy. On the other hand, Islam and Liberal Democracy: A Historical Overview, an article written by Bernard Lewis2 discusses how a democracy is unable to work in Islamic States. In this essay, I will be comparing and contrasting the two articles. Both Bernard and Irfan carry weight in their arguments and have certain strong points, as well as weaknesses. The major difference between the two articles is the variation of the core definition of democracy that the writers have, and their distinct perspectives of the workings of a democracy. In addition, the articles also differ in their chosen format and the authors’ thoughts on the Catholic and Western influence. The fundamental dispute of democracy and Islam are strong in both articles, and they are resolved in a respective manner. Irfan was successful in formulating a more compelling case and was able to maintain better structure; however, I am a firm believer that Islam is a theocratic system and it is not compatible with democracy as a system of governance.
Because of the important role that political Islam plays in the world today, a careful examination into the roots of these ideologies, how they evolved into the current form, how they are similar or different from each other, in addition to their perspectives for today and the future will shed light on their actions and way of thinking.
Everyone has hidden motives in life, and a variety of times they can go wrong. Within Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein, readers can see Victor, whose intentions are not in the right place. Through reading this novel individuals can take a look inside the main characters. Throughout this novel everything is not what it seems and there is always more to a story than what is presented. Many factors go into Frankenstein's down fall including his relationship, obsession, and beliefs.
Islamic nation. As examples given earlier about modernization which includes nations such as Turkey and on the other side of the spectrum the practice of Islamic Shariah. As a final note, my main objective from this book review is to see Islam from the eye of Muslims and Non-Muslims alike.
Over the last few decades, technology has greatly increased its abilities. It started from the simple radio to now having cell phones which can surf the web. Technology has greatly influenced our society in many ways. Nowadays it has made family relationships have a different connection and has simplified people’s lives. A couple decades ago, a person would never had imagined to Skype a family member across the world. It would be like trying to imagine teleportation. It was unthinkable, but with moderation, technology has evolved for the better. With the new technology in our world, people are able to talk to their distant family members. People are also able to save time and watch a movie with their extra time. There are pros and cons to having technology nowadays. Yes, people are able to communicate faster and save money, but technology is also disconnecting them from the people around them. Technology has changed humanity for the better, but humans must know to use technology in moderation.