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Characteristics of social cognitive theory
Social cognitive theory
Social cognitive theory
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Social Cognitive Theory has been around for quite some time and is well known and recognized in education. It used in classrooms all around the world and it came about from a psychologist named Albert Bandura. It highlights that people are the cause of their own behavior and that they have control over their behavior. He has also been focused on the on the ways that people influence behavior, thoughts, and learning of others. His early work; modeling learning through the observation of others. His classic doll experiment in the early 1960s demonstrated that children could mimic novel actions just by seeing an adult engage in them. This challenged existing beliefs that most learning occurred through conditioning or a system of reinforcement or punishment. The finding that learning could occur through simple observation has had significant implications, particularly for the development of children. As he explored the effects and potential of modeling, Bandura began to wonder about the role of individuals’ beliefs about their ability to succeed at a task, or their sense of self-ef...
One example of the “Social Learning Theory” is the Bobo doll experiment conducted by Albert Bandura in 1961. In this experiment children were either exposed to an adult exhibiting aggressive behavior or non-aggressive behavior towards the doll. When it came time for the children to interact with the doll, the children who were exposed to aggressive behavior were more likely to exhibit aggressive behavior (Nolen, n.d.).
Albert Henry Desalvo was born on September 3, 1931 in Chelsea, Massachusetts, to Frank Desalvo and Charlotte. Desalvo was the third of six children. Desalvo father was an aggressive, violent, alcoholic fisherman from Newfoundland, Canada. Desalvo father would brutally beat up his wife and children with fists, belts, and pipes. When Charlotte was out of the house, Desalvo father brought prostitutes home and had sexual intercourse with them in front of the children. He was arrested repeatedly for refusing to support his wife and children. At a young age, Desalvo father taught Albert how to shoplift and encouraged him to steal.
Annie, a fifth-grade student in Mr. Keller's class, is being quiet and sullen for the fifth day in a row. "I just can't do this writing stuff," she finally says in an appeal to Mr. Keller. "I'm not a good student. Give me P.E. or art over this stuff any day!" If we apply Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory in her comment "I just can't do this writing stuff" how does Bandura's theory help us to understand Annie? According, the Social Cognitive Theory of Albert Bandura which combines both behavioral and cognitive philosophies to form his theory of modeling, or observational learning states that human personality is an interaction between the environment and a person's psychological processes. With this interaction humans are able to control their behavior through a process known as self-regulation (Woolfolk, 2013, p. 400). He also assures that some factors like environment and personal experiences can encourage behaviors such as Annie, why? Because, in her case, it seems that Annie’s school achievement and personal interest in writing are not interacting; in addition, Annie may lack of motivation and reinforcement in her life that can be the cause of her frustration in writing. Consequently, she prefers school subjects like PE or art that she thinks, she will be successful. Woolfolk (2013) says that humans “may acquire a new skill or behavior through observation, but we may not perform that behavior until there is some motivation or incentive to do so” (p. 402). Therefore, the lack of motivation, feedback, modeling, and effort can be a few reasons why Annie seems to discourage about her writing skills.
The cognitive theory is a research-based theory because it tends to investigate human behavior through making observations and thought analysis. Other issues under the cognitive theory are social and learning theories that are founded on the assumptions that humans make decisions based on logical evaluation of ideas. One of the strengths of the theory is its recognition of humans as logical beings. It rejects behaviorism because the theory does not recognize the importance of logic in human reasoning. The role of therapists is to develop positive reasoning and promote logical thinking in the client.
Health behaviour is defined as ‘behaviour patterns, actions, and habits that relate to health maintenance to health restoration and to health improvement’ (Gochman, 1997). An individual’s behaviour towards their health is influenced by their social, cultural and physical environments. Behaviours are categorised as being health-enhancing or health-impairing. Engaging in health- enhancing behaviours, for instance, taking regular exercise and eating a balanced diet, can lead to increased health benefits and reductions in illness. Alternatively, health-impairing behaviours, such as excessive alcohol consumption, smoking and high dietary fat consumption, can have detrimental consequences on health and increase an individual’s susceptibility to disease.
It is agreed by many well-known theorists that play is key to the development of the child’s learning in an early care setting. But what has not been recognized in the topic of play is aggressive play. Parents, school-age teachers, and child care providers ban aggressive play at home, school, and centers out of fear of someone getting hurt. Or some even believed it leads to a child getting bullied or becoming a bully. The questions that have been debated by many are, should aggressive play be allowed and if so how can aggressive play be allowed without intentional and minimal accidental harm to the children? The article “Playful Aggression in Early Childhood Settings” provides parents, school-age teachers, and child care providers with the theory, definition, benefits, and ways to support playful aggressive behavior through sociodramatic play.
Behavioral theories are very significant, but the social learning theory by Albert Bandura is one of the most valuable and influential theory out of them all. The social learning theory analyzes how humans learn through observing other people’s attitudes and behaviors. Adolf Hitler was the dictator of Germany and he was the founder and conductor of the Nazi Party. Accordingly, Adolf Hitler is related to the social learning theory because his actions were related with his life struggle. Many people wonder why Hitler killed so many innocent lives and the reality is that no one will ever know, but the social learning theory by Albert Bandura can help people briefly understand why humans perform cruel and inhumane behaviors. This theory does not excuse nor does it permits Hitler’s malicious behavior, but it provides a psychological view to his unnatural actions. Adolf Hitler was the main cause of World War II and the Holocaust; he was responsible for about 11 million deaths and approximately 1 million were children. During the Holocaust the Nazis focused on executing the Jews, homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses and disabled people. Moreover, Hitler also conducted the concentration camps, labor camps and extermination camps. In the camps Hitler kept as prisoners anyone who acted against him in any way and he also kept Jews. The concentration camp mainly forced people to do hard labor and slowly they would die of starvation, infections or murder; in the other hand, extermination camps were used to kill an immense cluster of people instantly. Also, Hitler permitted doctors that were part of the Nazi Party to performed medical experiments to the prisoners without their consent, basically the prisoners were used as lab rats and then they ...
Learning by observing others is called vicarious learning. The concept of vicarious learning is not one that would be subscribed to by classical behaviorists, individuals are most likely to model behavior observed by others they identify with. Identification with others is a function of the degree to which a person is perceived to be similar to one 's self, in addition to the degree of emotional attachment that is felt toward an individual. In criminology, I could use social cognitive theory as a strategy by using the tenets of social cognitive to help me understand how the criminal operate, and what he or she hopes to gain or accomplish by committing crimes, and the likelihood they will commit the crime again. Social cognitive theory is very important to my specialization because it will allow to me to make a connection between how the criminal became a criminal, why they choose to commit crimes, and the chances of them engaging in criminal acts again. Information
I am going to be teaching special education and am hoping to work in the elementary setting. I believe a successful classroom consists of using all the theories in one way or another. However, I am going to be specifically looking at the principles of the social cognitive theory. I will be looking at the social cognitive theory through ideas such as modeling, self-efficacy, reciprocal causation, vicarious reinforcement, vicarious punishment, among others, and will use these to build my classroom.
I did not choose the social cognitive theory because it fails to allow for the possibility that a person could be affected by someone’s actions other than imitating said actions. I believe that it is possible for a person to specifically not imitate another person’s actions based on prior experience or development. I also did not choose the ethological theory because of the fact that the research that this theory is based upon was done on animals and not actual humans. Doing the research based on humans might change the outcome based on the developmental differences between humans and
Social cognitive theory is different from social learning theory because it takes into account cognitive processes including thinking, memory, language, and evaluating consequences. According to social cognitive theory, individuals play a part in their development (Malone, 2002). Cognitive patterns play a very large role in depression (Furman & Bender, 2003). For example, people don’t have a motivation to move forward in difficult times if they don’t believe they are able to do so. Self- efficacy is an important part of personal agency, and a main aspect in social cognitive theory (Bandura, 2001). A person’s perceived abilities and confidence play a part in what he or she does in his or her life. Cognition becomes a motivator or a hindrance, according to social cognitive theory. A person’s perceived self- efficacy helps determine what a person chooses to do, the amount of effort they put into it, and how long they can persist if there are barriers or failures that occur. How a person sees failure is also influential (Bandura, 20...
Social cognitive theory of learning is a theoretical perspective that focuses on learning by observing others and eventually assuming control over one’s own behavior (Ormrod, 2011, p.323). Social cognitive theory is a perspective that helps us understand about learning by observing other people doing the same thing. This theory is a blend of behaviorism and cognitive psychology (Ormrod, 2011). Behaviorism theory relates to learning as a stimulus- response relationship and suggests that learning involves a behavior change whereas according to social cognitive theory learning is an internal process that may or may not lead to a behavior change. For example one might attempt to ride a bicycle as soon as they learn to ride the bicycle but learning how to put air in the bike may not be needed until the bicycle need air.
There are four steps in the process of modeling for observational learning. They are attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. Attention is when you focus on what the person you are observing is doing. Retention is remembering what you observed. Reproduction is performing the behavior you observed, and motivation is wanting to actually do the behavior.(www.courses.lumenlearning.com) The psychologist that most strongly identifies with observational learning is Albert Bandura. He believed that observational learning was the result of cognitive processes that are, “actively judgemental and constructive,” not merely “mechanical copying.”(Bandura) According to Bandura there are three different models to observational learning. They are live model which is behavior in person, verbal model which is not doing a behavior but explaining or describing it, and symbolic model is when people or fictional characters demonstrating behaviors in books,
The purpose of Chapter two is to review literature related to the major variables within the study. Two literature reviews were conducted. The first literature review examined the retention rates and low standardized test scores on Students taking Middle School Math. This follows the purpose of the conceptual framework, the Keller’s ARCS model(1987). Here, there will be literature related to inform the study that is related to the research design, intervention design, and measurement instruments. Lastly there will be a section on the Conceptual Framework.
Social cognitive theory is the study on how an individual stores, processes, and applies information about others in their everyday life. It was first known as the “Social Learning Theory”, and was later changed to the term known today as the “Social Cognitive Theory”. The definition of social cognition is defined as any cognitive process that involves one or more than one person. While the definition of cognition is unconscious process in the brain that bring about representations. Social cognition purpose is to study social knowledge, social structure, group behavior, social influences, social categories (age, race, sex) defines a person. (Science Direct) Social cognition is thought to be the outcome of social interactions. One will learn by observing others, this is known as vicarious learning. For example, one is more likely to follow another’s behavior if they can identify with them, whether it be personality wise, age proximity, and more. (Verywell)